土木工程英语建筑初级水平扩展学习资源.docx
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土木工程英语建筑初级水平扩展学习资源.docx
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土木工程英语建筑初级水平扩展学习资源
Unit1CareersinCivilEngineering
Asweknow,engineeringisaprofession,whichmeansthatanengineermusthaveaspecializeduniversityeducation.Manycountriesalsorequireengineeringgraduatestopassanexamination.similartothebarexaminationsforalawyeroradoctor,beforetheycanstartontheircareers.
Intheuniversity,mathematics,physics,andchemistryareconsideredveryimportantthroughouttheengineeringcurriculum,particularlyinthefirsttwoorthreeyears.Mathematics,ofcourse,isveryimportantincivilengineering,Soitisgreatlystressed.Today,mathematicsincludescoursesinstatistics,whichdealswithgathering,classifying,andusingnumericaldata,orpiecesofinformation.Animportantpartofstatisticalmathematicsisprobability.whichdealswithwhatmayhappenwhentherearedifferentfactorsthatcanchangetheresultsofaproblem.Beforetheconstructionofabridgeisbegun,forexample,astatisticalstudyismadeoftheamountoftrafficthebridgewillbeexpectedtocontrol.Inthedesignofthebridge.factorssuchaswaterpressureonthefoundations,theeffectsofdifferentwindforces,andmanyotherfactorsmustbeconsidered.
Inanengineeringprogram.theproblemofdesigningastructuretowithstandtheforcesofgravity,wind,andearthquakesisusuallyaddressedthroughanotherseriesofcourses.Beginningwithalgebraandtrigonometry(usuallycoveredinhighschool)andphysics,mostschoolsrequireatleastonecourseincalculusanddescriptivegeometrybeforetheintroductionofengineeringstatics(adevelopmentofthestudyofvectorforces,fromelementaryphysics).Theremaybeanadditionalcourseonstructuralmaterials,particularlyinengineering—orientedprograms.Theactualstructurecoursesmaybedoneinvarioussequencesbyreferencetothetypeofstructuralelement(beam,column,etc.),orthestructuralmaterialitself(timber,steel,reinforcedconcrete,prestressedconcrete).Eachmaterialhasdifferentcharacteristicsandrequiresseparateconsiderations,buttheultimateobjectiveintheengineeringsenseistodeterminethemostefficient(economical)systemthatcanbecoordinatedwiththedesignsolution.Obviously,thedesignaffectsthestructuralsystemandviceversa.Todaymostfinalstructuralcalculationsaredonebyspecialists.Amasteryisnotessentialforthearchitect,butanunderstandingis.Again,theemphasisinthisareawillvarywidelyfromprogramtoprogram.
Becauseagreatdealofcalculationisinvolvedinsolvingtheseproblems,computerprogrammingisnowincludedinalmostallengineeringcurricula.Computers,ofcourse,cansolvemanyproblemsinvolvingcalculationswithgreaterspeedandaccuracythanahumanbeingcan.Butcomputersareuselessunlesstheyaregivenclearandaccurateinstructionsandinformation——inotherwords,agoodprogram.
Inspiteoftheimportanceoftechnicalsubjectsintheengineeringcurriculum,acurrenttrendistorequirestudentstotakecoursesinthesocialsciencesandthelanguagearts.Wehavealreadydiscussedtherelationshipbetweenengineeringandsociety.Itis,therefore,sufficienttosayagainthattheworkdonebyanengineeraffectssocietyinmanydifferentandimportantwaysthatheorsheshouldunderstand.Anengineeralsoneedsagoodcommandoflanguagetobeabletopreparereportsthatareclearandpersuasive.Anengineerdoingresearchworkwillneedtobeabletowriteuphisorherfindingsforpublications.
Thelasttwoyearsofanengineeringprogramincludesubjectswithinthestudent’sfieldofspecialization.Forthestudentwhoispreparingtobecomeacivilengineer,thespecializedcoursesmaydealwithsuchsubjectsassoilmechanics,orhydraulics.
Intoday’ssociety,peoplewhohavetechnicaltrainingare,ofcourse,indemand.Youngengineersmaychoosetogointoenvironmentalengineering,forexample.Theymaychooseconstructionfirmsthatspecializeinhighwaywork.Theymayprefertoworkwithoneofthegovernmentagenciesthatdealwithwaterresources.Indeed,choicesaremanyandvaried.
Whentheyoungengineerhasfinallystartedrealpractice,thetheoreticalknowledgeacquiredintheuniversitymustbeapplied.Heorshewillprobablyworkwithateamofengineersatthebeginning.Thus,on-the-jobtrainingcanbeacquiredthatwilldemonstratehisorherabilitytotranslatetheoryintopractice.
Thecivilengineermayworkinresearch,design,constructionsupervision,maintenance,oreveninmanagement.Eachoftheseareasinvolvesdifferentdutiesanddifferentusesoftheengineer’sknowledgeandexperience.
NewWords
careern.生涯,经历;职业
engineeringn.工程,工程学;
professionn.专业,职业
graduaten.大学毕业生
lawyern.律师
curriculumn.课程
(curriculap1.)
particularlyad.尤其,特别
stressn.V.应力,强调
statisticsn.统计,统计学
classifyv.分类
numericala.数字的
datumn.数据,资料
(datap1.)
statisticala.统计的
designn.v.设计
programn.V.程序,计划
algebran.代数
trigonometryn.三角
calculusn.微积分
geometryn.几何
staticsn.静力学
vectorn.向量
timbern.木材;木料
concreten.混凝土
prestressV.给……预加应力
预应力
coordinatev.使配合,使合作
n.坐标
emphasisn.强调,重点
accuracyn.准确性,准确度
unlessconj.除非
accuratea.准确的
currenta.目前的。
现行的
trendn.倾向,趋势
sociala.社会的
sufficienta.充分的
persuasivea.有说服力的
findingn.研究结果,发现
publicationn.刊物,出版
specializationn.专业化,技术规范
hydraulicsn.水力学
environmentala.环境的
firmn.公司
preferV.更喜欢
agencyn.部门,机构
acquireV.获得
demonstratev.论证,演示
supervisionn.监督;管理
maintenancen.养护,维修
UsefulExpressions
similarto与……相似的
starton开始,从事
descriptivegeometry画法几何(学)
engineering—orientedprograms偏重工程技术的(教学)计划
invarioussequences以各种各样的顺序
byreferenceto参考
separateconsiderations分别考虑;分别研究
viceversa反之也是这样
humanbeing人
writeup写成
gointo深入研究,参加
specializein专门从事
translate…into…转变为,翻译为
Notes
1.Today,mathematicsincludescoursesinstatistics,whichdealswithgathering,classifying,andusingnumericaldata,orpiecesofinformation.
目前,数学还包括统计学课程,它涉及数据和各种信息的收集、分类和使用
Beginningwithalgebraandtrigonometry(usuallycoveredinhighschool)andphysics,mostschoolsrequireatleastonecourseincalculusanddescriptivegeometrybeforetheintroductionofengineeringstatics(adevelopmentofthestudyofvectorforces,fromelementaryphysics).
多数学校从代数、三角(通常在中学开设)和物理开始,要求在开设工程静力学(在初等物理学的基础上深入研究向量力)之前,至少要开设一门微分学和画法几何课。
2.Eachmaterialhasdifferentcharacteristicsandrequiresseparateconsiderations,buttheultimateobjectiveintheengineeringsenseistodeterminethemostefficient(economical)systemthatcanbecoordinatedwiththedesignsolution.
每一种材料都有不同的特性,需要分别进行研究。
但就工程而言,最终目的是要确定符合设计要求的最佳(最经济)方案。
3.Itis,therefore,sufficienttosayagainthattheworkdonebyanengineeraffectssocietyinmanydifferentandimportantwaysthatheorsheshouldunderstand.
因此,只需再说一遍就够了,即一个工程师应该懂得,他或她所做的工作以各种不同的重要方式影响着社会。
4.Thus,on—the-jobtrainingcanbeacquiredthatwilldemonstratehisorherabilitytotranslatetheoryintopractice.
这样,便可获得工作岗位上的训练,这将显示他或她把理论付诸实践的能力。
Exercises
1.TranslatethefollowingexpressionsintoChinese
1.existingbuilding
2.reinforcedconcretesupportingbeam
3.footpathsurfacing
4.roadcurb
5.carriagewaysurfacing
6.abrasivematerials
7.abutmentwall
8.protectiveconcretelayer
9.reinforcedconcretecolumn
10.temporarystruts
11.intermediatedrivenpilesinarow
12.boardedcovering
13.timberbeams
14.wideflangebeam
15.criticalpathmethod
16.constructionanddemolitionwaste
17.acceleratedcement
18.pressurepipeline
19.timbertrestle
20.longitudinalsteelbeam
21.attachedtable
22.acceptancecontract
23.hiddensubsurfacework
24.accountvaluation
25.accommodationladder
26.insertlevel
Unit2Loads,StressesandPrestresses
Whenamodernengineerplansastructure,hetakesintoaccountthetotalweightofallitscomponentmaterials.ThisisknownastheDeadLoad.whichistheweightofthestructureitself.AndhemustalsoconsidertheLiveLoad.theweightofallthepeople,cars,furniture,machines,andsoonthatthestructurewillsupportwhenitisused.Instructuressuchasbridgesthatwillhandlefastautomobiletraffic,hemustconsidertheImpact,theforceatwhichtheliveloadwillbeexertedonthestructure.Hemustalsoworkoutthesafetyfactor,thatis,anadditionalcapabilitytomakethestructurestrongerthanthecombinationofthethreeotherfactors.
Themodernengineermustalsounderstandthedifferentforcestowhichthemembersinastructurearesubject.Thestressescausedbytheseforcesinthematerialsofthemembersincludecompressionandtensionthatareoppositeindirection.Incompressionthematerialispressedorpushedtogether;intensionthematerialispulledapartorstretched,likearubberband.Thetopsurfaceofamemberisconcave,orbentinward,andthematerialinitisincompression.Thebottomsurfaceisconvexorbentoutward,andthematerialinitisintension.
Inadditiontoforcesthatcausecompressiveandtensilestresses,anotherforceisatwork,namelytheshearingforce,whichcausesshearingstress.Theshearingforcemightoccurinaverticalplane.butitalsomightrunalongtheaxialdirectionofthebeam,theneutralplane,wherethereisneithertensionnorcompression.
Altogether,threeforcescanactonastructure:
vertical——thosethatactupanddown;horizontal—thosethatactsideways(forcesthatactatallangleareacombinationofverticalandhorizontalforces);andthosethatmakethestructurerotateorturn.Sincethestructuresdesignedbycivilengineersareintendedtobestationaryorstable,theseforcesmustbekeptinbalance.Theverticalforces.Forexample,mustbeequaltoeachother.Ifabeamsupportsaloadabove.thebeamitselfmusthavesufficientstrengthtocounterbalancethatweight.Thehorizontalforcesmustalsoequaleachothersothatthereisnottoomuchpusheith
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