动画外文文献.docx
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动画外文文献.docx
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动画外文文献
Animation
Animationistherapiddisplayofasequenceofimagesof2—Dor3—Dartworkormodelpositionstocreateanillusionofmovement.Theeffectisanopticalillusionofmotionduetothephenomenonofpersistenceofvision,andcanbecreatedanddemonstratedinseveralways.Themostcommonmethodofpresentinganimationisasamotionpictureorvideoprogram,althoughthereareothermethods.
Earlyexamples
AnEgyptianburialchambermural,approximately4000yearsold,showingwrestlersinaction.Eventhoughthismayappearsimilartoaseriesofanimationdrawings,therewasnowayofviewingtheimagesinmotion.Itdoes,however,indicatetheartist'sintentionofdepictingmotion.
Earlyexamplesofattemptstocapturethephenomenonofmotiondrawingcanbefoundinpaleolithiccavepaintings,whereanimalsaredepictedwithmultiplelegsinsuperimposedpositions,clearlyattemptingtoconveytheperceptionofmotion。
Fiveimagessequencefromavasefound
A5,000yearoldearthenbowlfoundinIran。
Ithasfiveimagesofagoatpaintedalongthesides。
Thishasbeenclaimedtobeanexampleofearlyanimation.However,sincenoequipmentexistedtoshowtheimagesinmotion,suchaseriesofimagescannotbecalledanimationinatruesenseoftheword.
AChinesezoetrope—typedevicehadbeeninventedin180 AD。
Thephenakistoscope,praxinoscope,andthecommonflipbookwereearlypopularanimationdevicesinventedduringthe19thcentury。
Thesedevicesproducedtheappearanceofmovementfromsequentialdrawingsusingtechnologicalmeans,butanimationdidnotreallydevelopmuchfurtheruntiltheadventofcinematography.
AnEgyptianburialchambermural,approximately4000yearsold,showingwrestlersinaction。
Eventhoughthismayappearsimilartoaseriesofanimationdrawings,therewasnowayofviewingtheimagesinmotion。
Itdoes,however,indicatetheartist'sintentionofdepictingmotion.
Thereisnosinglepersonwhocanbeconsideredthe"creator”offilmanimation,astherewereseveralpeopleworkingonprojectswhichcouldbeconsideredanimationataboutthesametime。
GeorgesMélièswasacreatorofspecial-effectfilms;hewasgenerallyoneofthefirstpeopletouseanimationwithhistechnique.Hediscoveredatechniquebyaccidentwhichwastostopthecamerarollingtochangesomethinginthescene,andthencontinuerollingthefilm。
Thisideawaslaterknownasstop-motionanimation。
Mélièsdiscoveredthistechniqueaccidentallywhenhiscamerabrokedownwhileshootingabusdrivingby.Whenhehadfixedthecamera,ahearsehappenedtobepassingbyjustasMélièsrestartedrollingthefilm,hisendresultwasthathehadmanagedtomakeabustransformintoahearse.Thiswasjustoneofthegreatcontributorstoanimationintheearlyyears.
Theearliestsurvivingstop—motionadvertisingfilmwasanEnglishshortbyArthurMelbourne-CoopercalledMatches:
AnAppeal(1899).DevelopedfortheBryantandMayMatchstickscompany,itinvolvedstop-motionanimationofwired—togethermatcheswritingapatrioticcalltoactiononablackboard。
J。
StuartBlacktonwaspossiblythefirstAmericanfilm—makertousethetechniquesofstop—motionandhand-drawnanimation.Introducedtofilm-makingbyEdison,hepioneeredtheseconceptsattheturnofthe20thcentury,withhisfirstcopyrightedworkdated1900。
Severalofhisfilms,amongthemTheEnchantedDrawing(1900)andHumorousPhasesofFunnyFaces(1906)werefilmversionsofBlackton’s"lightningartist”routine,andutilizedmodifiedversionsofMéliès'earlystop—motiontechniquestomakeaseriesofblackboarddrawingsappeartomoveandreshapethemselves.’HumorousPhasesofFunnyFaces'isregularlycitedasthefirsttrueanimatedfilm,andBlacktonisconsideredthefirsttrueanimator。
AnotherFrenchartist,ÉmileCohl,begandrawingcartoonstripsandcreatedafilmin1908calledFantasmagorie.Thefilmlargelyconsistedofastickfiguremovingaboutandencounteringallmannerofmorphingobjects,suchasawinebottlethattransformsintoaflower。
Therewerealsosectionsofliveactionwheretheanimator'shandswouldenterthescene。
Thefilmwascreatedbydrawingeachframeonpaperandthenshootingeachframeontonegativefilm,whichgavethepictureablackboardlook.ThismakesFantasmagoriethefirstanimatedfilmcreatedusingwhatcametobeknownastraditional(hand—drawn)animation.
FantasmagoriebyEmileCohl,1908
FollowingthesuccessesofBlacktonandCohl,manyotherartistsbeganexperimentingwithanimation。
OnesuchartistwasWinsorMcCay,asuccessfulnewspapercartoonist,whocreateddetailedanimationsthatrequiredateamofartistsandpainstakingattentionfordetail。
Eachframewasdrawnonpaper;whichinvariablyrequiredbackgroundsandcharacterstoberedrawnandanimated。
AmongMcCay'smostnotedfilmsareLittleNemo(1911),GertietheDinosaur(1914)andTheSinkingoftheLusitania(1918)。
Theproductionofanimatedshortfilms,typicallyreferredtoas”cartoons”,becameanindustryofitsownduringthe1910s,andcartoonshortswereproducedtobeshowninmovietheaters.ThemostsuccessfulearlyanimationproducerwasJohnRandolphBray,who,alongwithanimatorEarlHurd,patentedthecelanimationprocesswhichdominatedtheanimationindustryfortherestofthedecade。
ElApóstol(Spanish:
”TheApostle”)wasa1917Argentineanimatedfilmutilizingcutoutanimation,andtheworld'sfirstanimatedfeaturefilm.
Traditionalanimation(alsocalledcelanimationorhand-drawnanimation)wastheprocessusedformostanimatedfilmsofthe20thcentury。
Theindividualframesofatraditionallyanimatedfilmarephotographsofdrawings,whicharefirstdrawnonpaper.Tocreatetheillusionofmovement,eachdrawingdiffersslightlyfromtheonebeforeit。
Theanimators’drawingsaretracedorphotocopiedontotransparentacetatesheetscalledcels,whicharefilledinwithpaintsinassignedcolorsortonesonthesideoppositethelinedrawings.Thecompletedcharactercelsarephotographedone—by-oneontomotionpicturefilmagainstapaintedbackgroundbyarostrumcamera。
Anexampleoftraditionalanimation,ahorseanimatedbyrotoscopingfromEadweardMuybridge’s19thcenturyphotos
Thetraditionalcelanimationprocessbecameobsoletebythebeginningofthe21stcentury。
Today,animators'drawingsandthebackgroundsareeitherscannedintoordrawndirectlyintoacomputersystem.Varioussoftwareprogramsareusedtocolorthedrawingsandsimulatecameramovementandeffects。
Thefinalanimatedpieceisoutputtooneofseveraldeliverymedia,includingtraditional35 mmfilmandnewermediasuchasdigitalvideo。
The"look"oftraditionalcelanimationisstillpreserved,andthecharacteranimators’workhasremainedessentiallythesameoverthepast70years。
Someanimationproducershaveusedtheterm”tradigital”todescribecelanimationwhichmakesextensiveuseofcomputertechnology.
ExamplesoftraditionallyanimatedfeaturefilmsincludePinocchio(UnitedStates,1940),AnimalFarm(UnitedKingdom,1954),andAkira(Japan,1988)。
TraditionalanimatedfilmswhichwereproducedwiththeaidofcomputertechnologyincludeTheLionKing(US,1994)SentoChihironoKamikakushi(SpiritedAway)(Japan,2001),andLesTriplettesdeBelleville(France,2003)。
Fullanimationreferstotheprocessofproducinghigh—qualitytraditionallyanimatedfilms,whichregularlyusedetaileddrawingsandplausiblemovement.Fullyanimatedfilmscanbedoneinavarietyofstyles,frommorerealisticallyanimatedworkssuchasthoseproducedbytheWaltDisneystudio(BeautyandtheBeast,Aladdin,LionKing)tothemore'cartoony'stylesofthoseproducedbytheWarnerBros.animationstudio.ManyoftheDisneyanimatedfeaturesareexamplesoffullanimation,asarenon—DisneyworkssuchasTheSecretofNIMH(US,1982),TheIronGiant(US,1999),andNocturna(Spain,2007).
Limitedanimationinvolvestheuseoflessdetailedand/ormorestylizeddrawingsandmethodsofmovement。
PioneeredbytheartistsattheAmericanstudioUnitedProductionsofAmerica,limitedanimationcanbeusedasamethodofstylizedartisticexpression,asinGeraldMcBoingBoing(US,1951),YellowSubmarine(UK,1968),andmuchoftheanimeproducedinJapan.Itsprimaryuse,however,hasbeeninproducingcost—effectiveanimatedcontentformediasuchastelevision(theworkofHanna-Barbera,Filmation,andotherTVanimationstudios)andlatertheInternet(webcartoons)。
Rotoscopingisatechnique,patentedbyMaxFleischerin1917,whereanimatorstracelive-actionmovement,framebyframe.Thesourcefilmcanbedirectlycopiedfromactors'outlinesintoanimateddrawings,asinTheLordoftheRings(US,1978),orusedinastylizedandexpressivemanner,asinWakingLife(US,2001)andAScannerDarkly(US,2006)。
Someotherexamplesare:
FireandIce(USA,1983)andHeavyMetal(1981)。
Live-action/animationisatechnique,whencombininghand-drawncharactersintoliveactionshots.OneoftheearlierusesofitwasKokotheClownwhenKokowasdrawnoverliveactionfootage。
OtherexampleswouldincludeWhoFramedRogerRabbit(USA,1988),SpaceJam(USA,1996)andOsmosisJones(USA,2002)。
AshortgifanimationofEarth
Computeranimation
2Danimation
2Danimationfiguresarecreatedand/oreditedonthecomputerusing2Dbitmapgraphicsorcreatedandeditedusing2Dvectorgraphics.Thisincludesautomatedcomputerizedversionsoftraditionalanimationtechniquessuchasof,interpolatedmorphing,onionskinningandinterpolatedrotoscoping。
2Danimationhasmanyapplications,includinganalogcomputeranimation,FlashanimationandPowerPointanimation.Cinemagraphsarestillphotographsintheform
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