银行承保技术 Bank Underwriting Techniques.docx
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银行承保技术 Bank Underwriting Techniques.docx
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银行承保技术BankUnderwritingTechniques
BankUnderwritingTechniques
Riskfactorsofabank
1.Operatingrisks
2.Qualityofassets
3.Thestabilityofliabilities
4.Thecompositionsofassetsandliabilitiesandshareholders’funds
Bankcreditworthiness
1.Managementrisk(micro)
∙Analysisofmanagement’scapabilityandefficiencyinrunningthebankintermsofitsrisk-takingpolicy
2.Countryassessment
∙Foreignexchangedifficulties
∙War,civilunrestandrevolution
∙Naturaldisaster
∙Moratoriumofpaymentcommitments
Ratiosdeterminingthesoundnessofabank
1.Profitability
-Lowreturnmayinfluenceorcontributetoaflightofdepositsandothersourcesoffunds
2.Liquidity
3.Assetquality
4.Capitaladequacy
Dependingontheavailabilityoffigures,theratiosfortheabovewouldappearasfollows:
1.Notation
CA:
Cash(andduefrombanks)
CS:
CapitalStock/Paidupcapital
DC:
DebtCapital(LongTermSubordinatedDebt)
EC:
EquityCapital
FA:
FixedAssets
NI:
NetIncome
RA:
RisksAssets(totalassetslesscashandgovernmentsecurities)
RL:
ReservesonLoansandSecurities
TA:
TotalAssets
TC:
TotalCapital(EC+DC+RL)
TD:
TotalDeposits
2.Ratios
a)TC/TD
b)TC/TA
c)TC/RA
d)Loans/TD
e)Provision/AverageLendingorloans
f)LiquidAssets/AverageTC
g)LiquidAssets/AverageDepositsorTD
h)NetLoan/AverageDepositsorTD
i)NI/TC
j)NI/TA
k)NI/TotaloperatingIncome
l)InterestIncome/TotaloperatingIncome
m)NonInterestIncome/TotaloperatingIncome
n)Staff/NI
o)NonInterestExpense/TotalOperatingExpenses
p)InterestExpenses/TotalOperatingExpenses
q)CapitalFormationRate:
NetIncomeDividendsPaid
EquityCapital(yearstart)
3.Definitions
(a)Capitalconsistsof:
i)Permanentshareholder'sequity(issuedandfullypaidordinaryshares/commonstockandperpetualnoncumulativepreferenceshares),
ii)Disclosedreserves(createdorincreasedbyappropriationsofretainedearningsorothersurplus,eg.sharepremiums,generalreservesandlegalreserves)
iii)Minorityinterestsintheequityofsubsidiarieswhicharelessthanwhollyowned(consolidatedaccountsonly)
(b)Liquidassetscompriseshortesttermassetssuchascash,bullion,duefrombanks(shorttermdepositswithotherbanks)andinvestmentinsecuritiesandotherdealingassets.
(c)OtherdefinitionscanbefoundinasamplebankbalancesheetandprofitandlossaccountinTable2(i)&2(ii).
Table2(i)
Abankbalancesheetandprofitandlossaccount
Consolidatedstatementofcondition
asatDecember31,1987
1987
1986
Note
US$’000
US$’000
Assets
Cashandduefrombanks
a
5,425,282
6,096,278
Certificatesofdeposit
3
b
1,983,805
1,411,698
Investmentsinsecuritiesandotherdealingassets
4
c
2,034,389
1,596,592
Loansandadvances(lessprovisionforloanlosses)
5
d
9,224,882
7,568,114
Accruedinterest
e
351,820
297,702
Investmentinaffiliates
6
f
75,365
95,554
Propertyandequipment
7
g
239,393
203,273
Otherassets
8
h
288,064
210,695
Totalassets
i
19,643,000
17,479,906
Liabilities
Demanddeposits
j
2,990,813
2,891,912
Savingsandtimedeposits
k
12,448,424
10,893,531
Duetobanks
9
l
2,010,987
1,586,962
Floatingratenotices
10
m
50,000
50,000
Accruedinterestondepositsandotherfunds
n
224,278
214,327
Totaldepositsandotherfunds
o
17,724,502
15,636,732
Provisionfortaxes
p
46,745
59,261
Otherliabilities
q
402,571
337,476
Totalliabilities
r
18,173,818
16,033,469
Capitalfund
Issuedandpaidupshares
11
s
660,000
599,169
Proposedstockdividend
t
66,000
60,831
Legalreserves
12
u
48,316
44,649
Retainedearningsandotherreserves
13
v
206,701
336,212
Shareholders’equity
w
981,017
1,040,861
Subordinatedcapitalnotes
14
x
389,000
310,500
Minorityinterests
15
y
99,165
95,076
Totalcapitalfund
z
1,469,182
1,446,437
Capitalfundandtotalliabilities
aa
19,643.000
17,479,906
Contraaccounts
Acceptances
bb
323,556
310,458
Lettersofcredit
cc
2,122,327
1,780,757
Lettersofguarantee
dd
2,107,926
2,022,824
ee
4,553,809
4,114,039
Table2(ii)
Consolidatedstatementofearnings
fortheyearendedDecember31,1987
1987
1986
Note
US$’000
US$’000
Income
Interestincome
a
1,581,185
1,487,442
Interestexpense
b
(1,195,456)
(1,136,876)
Netinterestincome
c
385,729
350,566
Otheroperatingincome
16
d
293,130
347,784
Totalincome
e
678,859
698,350
Operatingexpenses
Salariesandrelatedcosts
f
230,536
202,980
Occupancyexpenses
g
81,550
67,214
Depreciationonpropertyandequipment
h
29,908
27,778
Otherexpenses
i
151,424
168,744
Totalexpenses
j
493,418
466,716
Netoperatingprofit
k
185,441
231,634
Loanlossprovision
5
l
(70,000)
(112,221)
Profitbeforetaxation
m
115,441
119,413
Taxationfortheyear
n
(60,000)
(68,207)
Profitaftertaxation
o
55,441
51,206
Minorityinterests
15
p
(17,998)
(29,025)
Profitattributabletoshareholders
q
37,453
22,181
Statementofretainedearningsandotherreserves
r
Atbeginningoftheyear
s
336,212
218,324
Adjustmenttoprovisionsbroughtforward
17
t
(100,000)
-
Profitfortheyear
37,453
22,181
u
273,665
240,505
Premiumonissueofshares
-
187,500
Otherreservemovements
18
v
12,371
(19,783)
Appropriations
Proposedstockdividends
19
w
(66,000)
(60,831)
Transfertolegalreserves
12
x
(4,766)
(4,222)
Otherappropriations
20
y
(8,569)
(6,957)
Carriedforwardatendoftheyear
z
206,701
336,212
TrendAnalysis
Theaboveratioswouldbeanalysedforanumberofyearstoobservetheperformanceandmanagementintermsoftrendorchangesoverthoseyear.
Suchratioswouldbecomparedwithothersimilarbanksoragainstthenormoffinancialinstitutionsifavailabletoreachameaningfulconclusionofthefinancialhealthofthebankevaluated.
BasleCapitalAccord
Asfrequentlynoted,theroleofbankcapitalistoprovideafundagainstwhichtochargeofftemporaryandunexpectedloss.Itisalsoamoresoundprimaryindicatorofabank'sstrength.
Inthisconnection,theBasleCapitalAccordadoptingtheweightedriskassetapproachcanbeusedtomeasurecapitaladequacyinlinewiththesetminimum.
AppendixAprovidesanaccountoftheBasleCapitalAccordonCapitalAdequacyRequirementRiskweightcapitalRatioandalsotheNewCapitalAdequacyRequirementofBNM.
Indeterminingthecapitaladequacy,iffiguresareavailable,comparisonwillbemadeagainstthestandardsetundertheBasleCapitalaccordandalsothatofBNM'scapitalAdequacyRequirement.
Decision
ForthepurposeofananalysistosupportabanktoaddconfirmationonL/Cfromaforeignbank,alesscomplexevaluationcanbecarriedoutasindicatedinTable3.
Thiswillbesufficienttoenabletheanalysttoreachhisdecisionwhethertheriskperceivedisacceptableornot.
TrendAnalysis
Table3Profileandbasicperformanceindicators
Performanceindicators
Capital/Assetsratio(soundness/leverage)
Loangrowth
Provisionforloanlosses
Provision/Averagelending(%)
Liquidassets/Averagetotalassets(%)
Liquidassets/Averagetotaldeposits(%)
NetLoans/Averagedeposits
Netincome/Averagetotalassets
Foradecisiontoembarkonarevolvingoroperationalrelationship,itwillrequireanindepthappraisalontheperformanceandmanagementasreflectedinTable1.
CreditLimitSubmissionSheet
Inviewoftheabove,theattachedcreditlimitsubmissionsheetadoptedfromunderwritingabuyer'screditlimitwillbeusedtoevaluatethefinancialhealthoftheL/Cissuingbankandthefixingofacreditlimit.
CapitalAdequacyRequirement(CAR)
ThecomputationofCARonforeignL/Cissuingbankcouldbemadeifinformationforsuchpurposeisavailable.ThebasicforCARhoweverwouldfollowBNM'spaperonCARRiskweightedCapitalRatioseeAppendixofCAR.TheCARisbasedonaconceptofweightingassetsaccordingtotheirperceivedlevelofrisk-categorisedintofiveriskweightsof0%,10%,20%,50%and100%andassessingtheadequacyofcapitalontheriskadjustedassets.Theweightedriskassetapproachweightsbothonandoffbalancesheetexposuresofafinancialinstitutiontocreditrisk.Thecategoriesofriskweightsarebroadbrushintheirjudgmentoftheriskinessofvarioustypesofassetsandarenotmeanttobeasubstituteforassessmentofcreditworthinessbasedontheevaluationofratiosasexplainedintheaboveparagraphs.
Theriskweightedcapitalratiosiscalculatedbasedontheformulaenumeratedbelow:
Riskweightedcapitalratio
CapitalFunds/Networkingfundsx100
TotalWeightedRiskAssets
TotalWeightedRiskAssets
[OnBalanceSheetItems+(OffBalanceSheetItemsxConversionFactor)]xRiskWeights
HowToObtainFinancialInformationOnL/CIssuingBank(LCIB)
1.AllapplicationsforapprovalonL/CtobeconfirmedisrequiredtobeaccompaniedwithalatestannualreportorfinancialinformationespeciallywhentheLCIBistheapplicant'scorrespondencebank.
2.AreferencewillbemadetoPolk'sorotherBanker'sDirectoriestoextractrelevantfinancialorotherinformationifavailable.
3.Adirectrequestwillbemadetothebankeroritsparent.Thisisnecessaryinconnectionwiththepreparationofpreapprovedlist.
4.BIGrouplibraryorotherlibraries(BNM).maybeapproachedtoobtaintherequiredinformation.
5.Ifpossibleorestablished,toobtaincommentsfromBNMi
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