英语写作教案.docx
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英语写作教案.docx
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英语写作教案
UnitOneSomeViewsonWriting
1.WhatIsWriting?
Thedictionarydefineswritingas“relatingorcommunicationbyformingsymbolsonasurfacewithapen,pencil,orothertool.”Thekeywordsherearerelatingorcommunication.Writtenideasareusuallymeanttopassonamessage.HenningsandGrant,intheirbookWrittenExpressionintheLanguageArts,saythat“writingisawayofmakingthoughtsstandstill….Itisorallanguagetranslatedintoamorepermanentandattimesamorestructuresfrom.”Theygoonsayingthat“writingrequirestheabilitytolisten,speak,readandthink.”
Anotherwayofdefiningwritingisthatitisthoughttransformedintoavisualform.Inotherwords,writingisavisualexpressionofideas.Theprocessofwritingbeginswithanidea,andideascomefromanindividual’sreactiontoeventsoccurringwithinhisenvironmentandfromwithinhimself.Byrestructuringhisperception,feelings,andknowledge,anideaisbornandthisisthesubstanceofwriting.Writingistheprocessoftakinganideafrominsideofone’sheadandputtingitintoacodesothatitcanbesharedwithothers.
AnAmericanwritingteacherdescribeswritingas“oneofthemostcomplexintellectualandemotionalprocessesapersonengagesin.”Or,statedanotherway,writingisplainhardwork.
ElizabethCownNeeldqutoesRalphWaldoEmerson’sjournalfromJuneof1845.Hesaid,“Igooutonedayandseethemasonandcarpentersbusywithbuildingahouse,andIdiscoverwithjoytheparallelismbetweentheirworkandmyconstructionandcomehomegladtoknowthatItooamahousebuilder.”
Buildingahouseandwritinghavethreemaincharacteristicsincommon.First,whenwebuildandwhenwewrite,wemakesomethingthatwasnottherewhenwestarted.Onouruniversitycampus,thereisnowanewbuildingacrossthestreetfromtheForeignLanguagesDepartmentwheretwoyearsagotherewasanemptyfieldofdirt.Similarly,today,beforewebeganwriting,thissheetofpaperwasblankandnowitisfilledwithwords.Second,boththebuilderandwriterhavemanypossibilitiesfromwhichtochoose.Whenabuilderdecidestobuild,hecouldconstructaschool,astore,ahouseoranofficebuilding,dependingonhisneeds.Andifhedecidestomakeahouseitcouldbeabighouseoralittlehouse.Itcouldhaveonestoryortwostories.ThehousecouldbeshapedlikeaboxorU-shapedorevenasquarewithanopenareaorpatiointhemiddle.Thepossibilitiesareendless.Likewise,whenawritersitsdownathisdesktowritehecouldwritealetteroranoteorabookorascientificreport.Andifhedecidedtowritealetter,itcouldbeabusinessletteroralettertohismotheroraloveletter.Again,thepossibilitiesareendless.
Athirdcommoncharacteristicofbuildingandwritingisthattheybothfollowaprocessoranorder.
Abuilderofahousebeginswithanidea.Heknowshewantstobuildahousebuthisoptionsareinfinitesohemustgatherideasandconsiderallofthepossibilities.Then,whilekeepinginmindhisfinancesandthesizeofthelot,etc.,thebuilderhastomakeaplan.Thisdesignorblueprinttellsthebuilderexactlywhatmaterialsheneedsandhowtheyaretobeputtogetherasthehouseisbuilt.Next,thebuilderhastoorderorcollecthismaterialssotheyareavailabletothecarpenterswhentheyareneeded.Nowheisfinallyreadytobuildthehouse.Whenthehouseisfinished,thewallsarepainted,thecurtainsarehung,picturesareputonthewallsandeverythingismadeperfectforthosewhowillliveinthehousetomovein.
Thewriteralsobeginswithanidea.Heknowswhatwantstosaybuttherearemanywaystocommunicatethismessageso.Likethebuilder,hemustalsogatherideasandexaminepossibilities.Next,thewritermustmakeaplan—anoutline.Thisplanwillkeephiswritingfocusedonwhathewantstosayandshowhimwherehewantstogo.Thewritermustthencollecthisinformation.Wegenerallycallthisstepresearch.Hemayneedtoexaminehisownexperience.Whentheinformationisgathered,theauthorisreadytowrite.Usuallythewriterrevisesandchangesandrewritesbutatsomepointhemustdecidehiscompositioniscomplete.However,atthispointthereisonemorestepcalledrevisingandeditingwhichmakessurethepieceisjustexactlyasthewriterwantsittobewhenitisreceivedandreadbyitsintendedaudience.
Sowhatiswriting?
Writingisaprocesswherebyonerecordshisthoughtsandideasintoavisualcodedmessagewhichcanbesavedrsharedwithothers.Itfollowsanorderandisjustplainhardwork.
2.DifferencesBetweenSpeakingandWriting
Althoughthesamemessagespokenandwrittenmayseemverysimilar,theyareverydifferent.Themostobviousdifferenceisthatthemessageistransmittedthroughdifferentchannels.Thewrittenmessageisvisual.Themessageisgivenonlyonceandthereadercanre-readthemessageifheneedsclarification.Thewritercanuseboldprint,capitalization,italicprinting,quotationmarks,underlining,etc.foremphasis.Aspokenmessageisoral/aural.Mostofthetimethespeakercanrepeatorrewordhismessageifitneedstobeclarified.Thespeakercanusesuchtechniquesaschangeinvocalpitchorvolume,pauses,andgesturesforemphasis.
Anotherdifferencebetweenspeakingandwritingisthatspeakingisapersonalinteractionwhileisimpersonal.Thespeakercanseehisaudiencefacetofaceandhecanmakeadjustmentsinhismessageimmediatelybasedonthereactionofhisaudience.Thewritercannotimmediatelyinteractwiththepersonwhoisreadinghismessage.Whenapersonisspeaking,hispersonalityplaysinhiswriting.Inaddition,whenthemessageisspoken,itissentandreceivedatthesametimeandthelistenercaninterruptandaskquestions.Thereisagreatersenseofrealityinthespokenmessagethaninthewrittenmessage.
Inwrittenlanguage,grammaticalrulesaremorestrictlyobservedwhereasinspeaking,wordsareslurred,soundsandwordsaredropped,sentencefragmentsareappropriateandvariouspartsofspeechcanbeomitted.Whenspeaking,apersoncanskiparoundtoothertopicandreturntoaprevioussubject,hesitate,makefalsestartsandpause.Inwrittenlanguagesequencingororderofinformationarecrucial.
Whenassmallchildrenwelearnalanguage,wefirstlearntolisten,thentospeak,thentoreadandfinallytowrite.Writingisthefinalskilltobeacquired.Itisalsothemostdifficultofthefourlanguageskills.Similarlywhenonelearnsaforeignlanguage,althoughitisnotnecessarilythelastskilltobelearned,writingisdependantuponthelearner’sabilitytolisten,speak,andread.Astudent’slevelofwritingwillreflecthislevelintheotherskills.
Writingisdifferentfromspeaking.Itrequiresattentiontodetailandisveryspecific.Writingisthoughtandideasencodedtobesavedand/orshared.Tobeagoodwriterrequireshardwork.
3.DifferencesBetweenChineseWritingAndEnglishWriting
ManystudentsbelievethatwritinganessayinEnglishisthesameaswritinganessayinChinese.So,theywritetheiressaysinChineseandtranslatethemintoEnglishandthenwonderwhytheirteachergivesthemlowmarks.ThefactisthatwritinginEnglishisdifferentfromwritinginChineseandwritingwellinEnglishisanotherskillthatmustbelearned.Withthedevelopmentofsociolinguisticsandinterculturalcommunicationtheory,moreandmorelinguistsandsociolinguistspaymuchmoreattentiontothedifferencesbetweenthetwocultures.Thus,IdeemthatmanyofthedifferencesbetweenChinesewritingandEnglishwritingarerootedinthedifferencesbetweenthetwocultures.Therefore,itisveryimportanttorememberthatoneisonebetterthantheotherbuttheyaredifferent.InordertobeabletowritewellinEnglish,ItisimportantfortheChinesestudentstobecomeawareofthesedifferences.
Asforthedefinitionofwriting,differentpersonsmayhavedifferentideas.Onewayofdefiningwritingisthatitisthoughttransformedintoavisualform.Therefore,thewritingofdifferentcultureswillreflectthedifferencesinthoughtpatternsusedbythosecultures.ItisgenerallyacceptedthatChinesethoughtpatterniscircular.Theideaisintroducedandastheideaisdevelopedortheconversationproceeds,eachloopcomesclosertothepointuntilthemainissueisfinallyaddressed.Inthefollowingletter,thewriterbeginstalkinggenerallyofschool,thenofhowhisteacherhadloanedhimhisumbrellaandbeenkindtohim,andthenthestudentmakeshisrequest,whichisreallythepurposeoftheletter.
DearTeacher,
Howareyou?
NowIamacollegestudent.Collegelifeisquitedifferentfrommiddleschool.Itisnewforme.I’mtryingtoadjusttothenewlife.
Dearteacher,whenIwasatmiddleschoolyounotonlytaughtmealotofknowledge,butinfluencedmeinvariouswaysI’mverygrateful.Youwereverykindtomejustaskindasafathermightbe.IstillrememberonceyoulentyourumbrellatomewhereasyouwerecaughtintheheavyrainasIlearntlater.Youweregeneroustometoo.Onceyouinvitedmeoverfordinner,I’llneverforgetwhatyouhavedoneforme,andIwillkeepgratefulforwhatyouhavedoneforme.
DearTeacher,I’mbusywithmystudy.ButI’minbadneedofanEnglish-Chinesedictionary.IrememberyouhaveoneWouldyouliketoletmehaveit?
IfyouwouldIwillbeverythankful.
Bestwishestoyou.
Yourssincerely,
LiDong
Incontrast,Englishthoughtislinear.Englishpeopleareunlikelytospendmuchtimein“smalltalk”orinsettingupabackgroundforthemainpoint.TheEnglishpeoplecometothepointimmediately.Thestyleismoredirect.IfanEnglishstudentwere
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