Alliteration is the recurrence of initial consonant soundsWord下载.docx
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Alliteration is the recurrence of initial consonant soundsWord下载.docx
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Skillinusinglanguageeffectivelyandpersuasively(MicrosoftBookshelf98).Initsbroadestsense,rhetoricisthetheoryandpracticeofeloquence,whetherspokenorwritten.Spokenrhetoricisoratory.Rhetoricdefinestherulesthatshouldgovernallprosecompositionorspeechdesignedtoinfluencepeople’sjudgmentorfeelings.Inanarrowersense,rhetoricisconcernedwiththefundamentalprinciplesaccordingtowhichoratoryiscomposed(MicrosoftBookshelf98).Severalrhetoricaldevicescanbeusedtoachieveadesiredeffect.Thekeywordhereis,ofcourse,effect.Itisnotenoughmerelytoidentifythedevices,butrathertoanalyzetheeffectoftheuseofsaiddevices.Belowisalistofcommonrhetoricaldevices.Alliterationistherecurrenceofinitialconsonantsounds.Therepetitioncanbejuxtaposed(andthenitisusuallylimitedtotwowords):
Ah,whatadeliciousday!
Yes,Ihavereadthatlittlebundleofperniciousprose,butIhavenocommenttomakeuponit.Donewell,alliterationisasatisfyingsensation.Thistwo-wordalliterationcallsattentiontothephraseandfixesitinthereader’smind,andsoisusefulforemphasisaswellasart.Often,though,severalwordsnotnexttoeachotherarealliteratedinasentence.Heretheuseismoreartistic.Anaphoraistherepetitionofthesamewordorwordsatthebeginningofsuccessivephrases,clauses,orsentences,commonlyinconjunctionwithclimaxandwithparallelism:
Tothinkondeathitisamisery,/Tothinkonlifeitisavanity;
/Tothinkontheworldverilyitis,/Tothinkthatheremanhathnoperfectbliss.--PeachamInbooksIfindthedeadasiftheywerealive;
inbooksIforeseethingstocome;
inbookswarlikeaffairsaresetforth;
frombookscomeforththelawsofpeace.--RicharddeBuryFinally,wemustconsiderwhatpleasantnessofteachingthereisinbooks,howeasy,howsecret!
Howsafelywelaybarethepovertyofhumanignorancetobookswithoutfeelinganyshame!
--Ibid.Antithesisestablishesaclear,contrastingrelationshipbetweentwoideasbyjoiningthemtogetherorjuxtaposingthem,ofteninparallelstructure.Humanbeingsareinveteratesystematizersandcategorizers,sothemindhasanaturalloveforantithesis,whichcreatesadefiniteandsystematicrelationshipbetweenideas:
Toerrishuman;
toforgive,divine.--PopeThatshortandeasytripmadealastingandprofoundchangeinHarold’soutlook.That’sonesmallstepforaman,onegiantleapformankind.--NeilArmstrongAntithesiscanconveysomesenseofcomplexityinapersonorideabyadmittingoppositeornearlyoppositetruths:
Apophasisassertsoremphasizessomethingbypointedlyseemingtopassover,ignore,ordenyit.Thisdevicehasbothlegitimateandillegitimateuses.Legitimately,awriterusesittocallattentiontosensitiveorinflammatoryfactsorstatementswhileheremainsapparentlydetachedfromthem:
Wewillnotbringupthematterofthebudgetdeficithere,orhowprogramsliketheoneunderconsiderationhavenearlypushedusintobankruptcy,becauseotherreasonsclearlyenoughshow....Therefore,letnomantalktomeofotherexpedients:
oftaxingourabsentees...ofcuringtheexpensivenessofpride,vanity,idleness,andgamingoflearningtoloveourcountry....--JonathanSwiftApophasisishandyforremindingpeopleofsomethinginapoliteway:
Ofcourse,IdonotneedtomentionthatyoushouldbringaNo.2penciltotheexam.Aporiaexpressesdoubtaboutanideaorconclusion.Amongitsseveralusesarethesuggestingofalternativeswithoutmakingacommitmenttoeitherorany:
Iamnotsurewhethertosidewiththosewhosaythathighertaxesreduceinflationorwiththosewhosaythathighertaxesincreaseinflation.IhaveneverbeenabletodecidewhetherIreallyapproveofdresscodes,becauseextremismseemstoreignbothwiththemandwithoutthem.Suchastatementofuncertaintycantieoffapieceofdiscussionyoudonothavetimetopursue,oritcouldbeginanexaminationoftheissue,andleadyouintoaconclusionresolvingyourdoubt.Aporiacanalsodismissassertionsirrelevanttoyourdiscussionwithouteitherconcedingordenyingthem:
Idonotknowwhetherthislegislationwillworkallthemiraclespromisedbyitsbackers,butitdoesseemclearthat....Iamnotsureabouttheotherreasonsofferedinfavorofthenewfreeway,butIdobelieve....Yes,Iknowtheassayreportshowstwentypoundsofgoldpertonofore,andIdonotknowwhattosayaboutthat.WhatIdoknowisthattherichestSouthAfricanminesyieldonlyaboutthreeouncesofgoldperton.Aposiopesis:
stoppingabruptlyandleavingastatementunfinished;
sometimesusedtoportraybeingovercomewithemotion.Iftheyusethatsectionofthedesertforbombingpractice,therockhunterswill--.I’vegottomaketheteamorI’ll--.Bearwithme,/MyheartisinthecoffintherewithCaesar,/AndImustpausetillitcomebacktome.--MarcAntonyinShakespearesJuliusCaesarApostropheinterruptsthediscussionordiscourseandaddressesdirectlyapersonorpersonifiedthing,eitherpresentorabsent.Itsmostcommonpurposeinproseistogiveventtoordisplayintenseemotion,whichcannolongerbeheldback:
Ovalueofwisdomthatfadethnotawaywithtime,virtueeverflourishing,thatcleansethitspossessorfromallvenom!
Oheavenlygiftofthedivinebounty,descendingfromtheFatheroflights,thatthoumayestexalttherationalsoultotheveryheavens!
Thouartthecelestialnourishmentoftheintellect....--RicharddeBuryObookswhoaloneareliberalandfree,whogivetoallwhoaskofyouandenfranchiseallwhoserveyoufaithfully!
--RicharddeBuryApostrophedoesnotappearveryofteninargumentativewritingbecauseformalargumentisbyitsnaturefairlyrestrainedandintellectualratherthanemotional;
butundertherightcircumstancesanapostrophecouldbeuseful:
Butallsuchreasonsnotwithstanding,dearreader,doesnotthecostinlivespersuadeyoubyitselfthatwemustdosomethingimmediatelyaboutthesituation?
Epistrophe(alsocalledantistrophe)formsthecounterparttoanaphora,becausetherepetitionofthesamewordorwordscomesattheendofsuccessivephrases,clauses,orsentences:
Whereaffectionsbearrule,therereasonissubdued,honestyissubdued,goodwillissubdued,andallthingselsethatwithstandevil,foreveraresubdued.--WilsonAndallthenighthedidnothingbutweepPhiloclea,sighPhiloclea,andcryoutPhiloclea.--PhilipSidneyYouwillfindwashingbeakershelpfulinpassingthiscourse,usingthegaschromatographdesirableforpassingthiscourse,andstudyinghoursonendessentialtopassingthiscourse.Epistropheisanextremelyemphaticdevicebecauseoftheemphasisplacedonthelastwordinaphraseorsentence.Ifyouhaveaconceptyouwishtostressheavily,thenepistrophemightbeagoodconstructiontouse.Thedangerasusualliesinthisdevice’stendencytobecometoorhetorical.AnExpletiveisasinglewordorshortphrase,usuallyinterruptingnormalsyntax,usedtolendemphasistothewordsimmediatelyproximatetotheexpletive.(Weemphasizethewordsoneachsideofapauseorinterruptioninordertomaintaincontinuityofthethought.)Compare:
ButthelakewasnotdrainedbeforeApril.Butthelakewasnot,infact,drainedbeforeApril.Expletivesaremostfrequentlyplacednearthebeginningofasentence,whereimportantmaterialhasbeenplaced:
Alltruthisnot,indeed,ofequalimportance;
butiflittleviolationsareallowed,everyviolationwillintimebethoughtlittle.--SamuelJohnsonSomeusefulexpletivesincludethefollowing:
infact,ofcourse,indeed,Ithink,withoutdoubt,tobesure,naturally,itseems,afterall,forallthat,inbrief,onthewhole,inshort,totellthetruth,inanyevent,clearly,Isuppose,Ihope,atleast,assuredly,certainly,remarkably,importantly,definitely.Informalwriting,avoidtheseandsimilarexpletives:
youknow,yousee,huh,getthis.Anditgoeswithoutsayingthatyoushouldavoidtheunprintableones.Hyperbole,thecounterpartofunderstatement,deliberatelyexaggeratesconditionsforemphasisoreffect.Informalwritingthehyperbolemustbeclearlyintendedasanexaggeration,andshouldbecarefullyrestricted.Thatis,donotexaggerateeverything,buttreathyperbolelikeanexclamationpoint,tobeusedonlyonceayear.Thenitwillbequiteeffectiveasatable-thumpingattentiongetter,introductorytoyouressayorsomesectionthereof:
Thereareathousandreasonswhymoreresearchisneededonsolarenergy.Oritcanmakeasinglepointveryenthusiastically:
Isaidrare,notraw.I’veseencowshurtworsethanthisgetupandgetwell.Oryoucanexaggerateonethingtoshowhowreallydifferentitisfromsomethingsupposedlysimilartowhichitisbeingcompared:
Thisstuffisusedmotoroilcomparedtothecoffeeyoumake,mylove.Ifanyonecomestome,anddoesnothate
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