交通运输科技英语.docx
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交通运输科技英语.docx
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交通运输科技英语
交通运输科技英语
1.contractsystemtestedinallrailwayoperations
ThecontractsystemwillbepracticedinalloperationsoftheMinistryofRailways-transport,capitalconstructionandtechnologicalupgrading,ministryofficialstoldXinhuarecently.
TheGuangzhouRailwayAdministrationhasbeenchosentoexperimentwithwaysofimplementingwithwaysofimplementingthesystemthroughout,theofficialssaid.
ThecontractsystemisnecessarybecausesinceApril1986,theStatehasceasedtoallocatefundstotheministry.Instead,itcollectstaxesfromtheministry,whichcanuseitsownprofitstodevelopitsownoperations,theofficialssaid.
〝Thatmeanswehavetodependexclusivelyonourselvesandthat´swhyweusethecontractsystemtostimulateworkersinitiativeforhigherturnovers.〞Oneofficialsaid.
Althoughthecontractsystemwaspracticedlastyearonlyinitstransportsector,theministrywasabletohandle3.7percentmorecargothanin1985.
Inthefirsthalfofthisyear,thetotalvolumeofcargoandpassengertransportwasup2.4and6.5percentoverthesame1985period,respectively,theofficialsreported.
Meanwhile,afeederrailwayfundedbyfamersinavillageinZhanjiang,GuangdongProvince,isexpectedtoopentotrafficinOctober,accordingtotheoverseaseditionofPeople´sDaily.
FarmersinXinhuavillageraised2millionyuan(about$540,000)tobuilda600-metrefeederrailwaylinetospeeduptransportbetweenurbanandruralareas.(Xinhua)
WordsandExpressions
Contract/´kɑn‚trækt/n.承包;契约,合同
Contractsystem承包制,大包干
Administration/æd‚mini´streʃǝn/ǝn.局;治理,经营
Experiment/ik´spɛrǝmǝnt/n.&v.i.试验
To……with……试验……
To……upon……用……作实验
Implement/´implǝmǝnt/v.t.实现,落实
Thoughoutprep.在整个……期间;全……,……到处
´adv.完全地,全部地
Cease/sis/v.t.停止
Allocate/´ælǝ‚ket/v.t.分配,拨给
Fund/fΛnd/n.经费,资金
Tax/tæks/n.税;税款
Profit/´prɑfit/n.利润,赢利;利益
Exclusively/ik´sklusivli/adv.仅仅,只有;独占地
Stimulate/´stimjǝ‚let/v.t.鼓舞,刺激
Initiative/i´niʃǝtiv/n.首创精神,主动性,积极性
Turnover//´tǝn‚ovǝ/n.营业额,产值
Sector/´sɛktǝ,-‚tↄr/n.扇形;地段,区域;方面
Feeder/´fidǝ/n.铁路支线;加料漏斗
2.Eastrailwaystobeupgraded
RailwaylinesinEastChinawillbeimprovedwithaninvestmentof7billionyuan(about$1.89billion),theoverseaseditionofPeople´sDailyreportedonThursday.
Theprojectinvolves1.660kilometersofrailways,with470kilometersofnewlinestobebuilt,510kilometerstobeelectrifiedand680kilometersdouble-tracked.
AccordingtoZhouCongqing,theofficialinchargeoftheproject,morethan3,300hectaresoflandwillberequisitionedandmanydwellingsrelocated.
Techniciansareworkingonanengineeringplan,andthewholeprojectisexpectedtobecompletedin1990.
WordsandExpressions
Upgrade/´Λp‚ɡred/Λv.t.加强;使升级,改良
Inchargeof负责……;主管……
Hectare/´hɛk‚tɛr/n.公顷
Requisition/‚rɛkwi´ziʃǝn/n.征用
Dwelling/´dwɛliŋ/n.住房
Relocate/ri´loket/v.t.搬迁
3.Railcapacitydoubles
EachkilometersofrailwayinChinacarried596.9billiontonsoffreightinthefirstsixmonthsofthisyearonaverage,doublethatin1978.
OfficialsoftheRailwaysMinistrysaidthatthepresentstructurecanhardlymeettheneedsofthedevelopingeconomy.
Theministryisnowconcentratingonexpandingthehandlingcapacityoftheexistingrailroads,whileconstructingorupgradingnewlines.
Amongthe38marshallingyardsinChina,28haveincreasedthenumberoftrainstheysendouteverydayby10to30percent.Theyardssentout38,000trainseverydaylastyear,15percentmorethaninthepreviousyear.
SinceApril,thenumberofpassengerandfreighttrainshasincreasedby22percentand20percent,respectively,comparedto1978.Nowpassengertrainsarecapableoftransportingthreemillionpeopleaday.
Theprojecttoaddadouble-trackalongthelinebetweenHengyanginHunanProvinceandGuangzhouisnearlycomplete.AndtheprojectofexpandingtherailwaynetworkineasternChinaisgoingonsmoothly.(Xinhua)
WordsandExpressions
Freight/fret/n.物资
Average/´ævǝriʤ,´ævriʤ/vn.平均,均值
Onaverage按均值运算,平均
Marshalling/´mɑ:
ʃǝliŋ/排列,整理,编组
Marshallingyard编组场
Tosend……out发出,寄出,放出
ŋ
Improvingrailwayoperations
Newtrends
ByDr.techn.,Prof.E.A.SOTNIKOV,
All-UnionRailwayScientificResearchInstitute,MinistryofRailwaysoftheUSSR
SUMMARY
TheSovietRailwayshandle52percentoftheworld´srailwayfreightturn-overalthoughtheyaccountonlyofabout11percentoftheirtotalmileage.Thisdeterminesanextremelyhightrafficdensityofthelinesexceeding6to10timesandevenmore,similarvaluesoftherailwaysoftechnicallyadvancedcountries.
Inordertomeettherequirementsforhandlingconstantlygrowingvolumesoftraffic,apartfromimprovingrailwayequipment,reinforcingthetracksandraisingtherollingstockcarryingcapacities,theoperationalprocedurehastoperfectedaswell,ithastoattainingthisoverallgoalistheintensificationoftheutilizationoftheexistingtechnicalmeans.Inthisreportnewtrendsimprovingrailwayoperationsarediscussed.
第二讲
1、TrainScheduling
Thetrainscheduleisthebasisformanagingtraintraffic.Itintegratestheactivitiesofallrailwayservices.Observingexactlythetechnologicalprocedureslaiddownforyardsandstations,forlocomotiveandwagonshops,fortrack,signalingandcommunicationfacilitiesaswellasforotherrailwaybodiesisavitalnecessityfortrainsbeingoperatedstrictlytotheschedule.
Inordertokeepthedispatchersstaffinformedonthetrainsituationdataprovidedthroughtheautomatictrafficcontrolsystemsofthevariousrailwayregionsisused.Dataontheavailabilityoftrainsandlocomotivesateachofthestationsandattheclassificationyardsofthegivenrouteissubmitted;tothedispatchersstaffoftheuppercontrolechelonin3hoursintervals,tothedispatchersstaffoftherailwayregionheadquartersandofthevarioussectionsonacontinuousbasisasthestatusatthestationsandyardschanges.
Thisdataisalsotakenintoconsiderationattherailwayregionborderstationswherethewagonsarebeingtransferredfromonerailwayregiontotheother.Whennecessary,thedataisusedatotherstationsaswell.
Thismakesitpossibletomonitortraintrafficallalongtheroute,tomaketimelycalculationswithregardtoassigninglocomotivestotrainstoreducetotheminimumdelaysoftrainswaitingformotivepowerandtoraisethelevelofrunningtrainsstrictlytotheschedule.
Theimprovementoftrainoperationsrequiresfurtherdevelopmentofthedispatchercontrolsystemthroughfurtherautomatingandcentralizingthemanagementoftraintraffic.Withregardtoimprovingtrainoperationthefollowingmajorprincipleshavetobeobserved.
1.Theactivityofthetraindispatcherswhichisatthemomentprimarilyconcentratedatkeepingrecordsofthetrainoperationswithacertaindelaywithregardtotheactualsituationshouldpassovertoastrategyofadvancedmanagementusingtrainoperationforecastandofapplyingoptimizedalgorithmsforwordingoutoperationalplanscoveringforeseeableperiodsoffutureactivities.
2.Acontinuousautomatedmonitoringofpossiblehandicapshastobeintroduced.Thiswillenablethetraindispatchersstaffbyusingtheman-machinedialogmodeofoperationtoconsiderwithinseveralminutesanumberofmanagerialalternativestochoosethemosteffectivesofthemtopreventminorhandicapsformdevelopingintomajortrafficproblems.
3.Thesupplyofinformationtothedispatchersstaffhastobeautomatedusingspecificfacilitiesdevelopedforthepurpose,aswellasdataprovidedbytheexistingautomatedoperationsmanagementsystem.Presentlythetraindispatchersspend30to40%oftheirworkingtimetoacquirethisinformation.Thiswillalsomakeitpossibletoautomateaccountingactivityoftrainoperations.
4.Basedonusingautomatedinformationsystemsandonintroducingup-to-datecontrolequipmenttheroutescoveredbythedispatchersatthesectional,regionalandministeriallevelsshouldbeextended,andtrafficcontroloverlongroutesshouldbeintegrated.
5.Centralizingtraindispatchingcontrol,settingupofbigdispatchingcentersequippedwithmodernmeansofcommunication,computersandwithautomatedconsolesforthedispatchersisofmajorimportance.Suchacontrolconsole,forasectionaltraindispatcher,forinstance,shouldconsistof:
amulti-sectionalpanelwithacoloredpresentationofthesectiontracklay-outorwiththepresentationoftheentirerouteindicatingtrainnumbersaswellasotherdatasuppliedbythecomputer;
agraphicaldisplaytokeeptheplannedschedule;
analphabeticaldisplayforthetraindispatchertokeepadialogwiththecomputer;
aprinterforanautomatedrecordkeepingoftheoperation;
ofagraph-plottingdisplayfordrawingagraphoftheactualtrainoperation.
Theintroductionofnewmethodsaimedatrunningthetrainsstrictlytotheschedulewillresultinanoverallimprovementoftrainoperations.
WordsandExpressions
Summary/´sΛmǝri/ n.摘要
Freightturn-over 物资周转量
Toaccountof 〔数量上〕占……
Mileage/´mailiʤ/ n.里程
Trafficdensity 运输密度
Reinforce/‚riin´fↄrs,-´fors/ v.t.加强
Rollingstock 机车车辆〔有时专指车辆〕
Rationalize/´ræʃǝnǝ‚laiz/ av.t.使合理化
Utilization/‚jutilai´zeʃǝn/ n.利用
Means/mi:
nz/ n.方法,手段;工具,设备
Trainscheduling 铺画列车运行图
Integrate/´inti‚ɡret/ v.t.把……连接成一个整体
Railwayservice 铁路业务;铁路部门
Observe/ǝb´zǝv/ v.t.观看,遵守
Tolaydown 放下,使……躺下,铺设,规定,制定
Vital/´vaitl/ adj.专门的,至关紧要的
Dispatcher/dis´pætʃǝ/ n.列车调度员
Tokeepinformedon 随时向……报告
Tosubmitto 向……提出……;把……提请……批准
Echelon/´ɛʃǝ‚lɑn/ 梯队,级别
Dispatchesstaffof
Uppercontrolec
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