独立主格结构.docx
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独立主格结构.docx
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独立主格结构
英语中的独立主格结构
独立主格结构是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词、副词或介词短语构成的一种独立主格成分。
With(without)的复合结构可看作是独立主格结构的一种形式。
一、独立主格结构的特点
1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。
2)名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定式,介词等是主谓关系。
3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
Thetestfinished,webeganourholiday.=Whenthetestwasfinished,webeganourholiday.
4)当表示人体部位的词做逻辑主语时,及物动词用现在分词,不及物动词用过去分词
二、独立主格结构的构成:
名词普通格或代词主格+现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语。
1.名词(或代词)+现在分词
现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态。
Heseatinghimselfatthedesk,hismotherbegantotellhimastory.
Everyonebeingready,theteacherbeganhisclass.
Thefoodbeingcooked,theboywaswatchingTV.
注意:
现在分词being或havingbeen在独立主格结构中可以省略。
Theweather(being)fine,wedecidedtogoonanouting.
独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略,
一是在“Therebeing+名词”结构中,Therebeingnobus,wehadtowalkhome.
二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。
ItbeingSunday,alltheofficesareclosed.
2.名词(或代词)+不定式(短语)不定式表示将来的动作。
Hesuggestedgoingforapicnic,Marytoprovidethefood.
Manyflowersandgrasstobeplanted,ournewly-builtschoolwilllookevenmorebeautiful.
3.名词(或代词)+过去分词
过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作。
Thegirlslayonherback,herhandscrossedunderherhead.
Theworkersworkedstillharder,theirlivingconditionsgreatlyimproved.
Hewaslisteningattentivelyinclass,hiseyesfixedontheblackboard.
4.名词(或代词)+形容词(短语)
形容词(短语)在独立主格结构中说明前面名词或代词的性质、状态
Thefloorwet,wehadtostayoutsideforawhile.Heturnedtome,hiseyessleepy.
5.名词(或代词)+副词
副词在独立主格结构中也多是说明名词或代词的状态。
Themeetingover,weallwenthome.Schoolover,weallwenthome.
6.名词(或代词)+介词短语
Arobberburstintotheroom,knifeinhand. Helefttheoffice,tearsineyes.
注意:
在“逻辑主语+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构里,当介词是in时,其前后的两个名词均不加任何修饰成分。
但with的复合结构不受此限制。
例如:
Theteachercamein,withabookinhishand.
三、独立主格结构的作用:
多用作状语
1.表示时间
Hishomeworkdone(=Afterhishomeworkwasdone),Marydecidedtogoshopping.
2.表示原因
Therebeingnobuses(=Becausetherewerenobuses),wehadtowalkhome.
3.表示条件
Weatherpermitting(=Ifweatherpermits),we’llgotoplaybasketball.
4.表示方式或伴随 Hesatatthetable,headdown.
动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生,
动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束,
动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。
Themanagerlooksworried,manythingstobesettled.
Themanagerlooksrelaxed,manythingssettled.
Themanlaythere,hishandstrembling.
四、With(without)的复合结构的构成以及句法功能
(一)、with/without+宾语+宾语补足语构成复合结构的几种情况:
1.with+名词/代词+形容词
Hedoesn’tliketosleepwiththewindowsopen.
=Hedoesn’tliketosleepwhenthewindowsareopen.
注意:
在“with+名词/代词+形容词”构成的独立主格结构中,也可用已形容词化的-ing形式或-ed形式。
Withhissonsodisappointing,theoldmanfeltunhappy.
Withhisfatherwell-known,theboydidn’twanttostudy.
2.with+名词/代词+副词
Theboywaswalking,withhisfatherahead.=Theboywaswalkingandhisfatherwasahead.
3.with+名词/代词+介词短语
Hestoodatthedoor,withacomputerinhishand.
=Hestoodatthedoor,andacomputerwasinhishand.
4.with+名词/代词+动词过去分词
Withhishomeworkdone,Peterwentouttoplay.
=Whenhishomeworkwasdone,Peterwentouttoplay.
5.with+名词/代词+现在分词
Thegirlhidherboxwithoutanyoneknowingwhereitwas.
=Thegirlhidherboxandnooneknewwhereitwas.
Withoutanyonenoticing,heslippedthroughthewindow.
=Whennoonewasnoticing,heslippedthroughthewindow.
6.with+名词/代词+动词不定式
Thelittleboylookssad,withsomuchhomeworktodo.
=Thelittleboylookssadbecausehehassomuchhomeworktodo.
(二)、With(without)的复合结构的句法功能:
定语和状语
1.Thereisamagazinewithamoderngirlonitscover.(定语)
2.Hestoodintherain,withhisclotheswet.
=Hestoodintherain,andhisclotheswerewet.(伴随状语)
3Thekidfeelsexcitedwithsomanyplacesofinteresttovisit.
=Thekidfeelsexcitedastherearesomanyplacesofinteresttovisit.(原因状语)
4.Withthesignalgiven,thetrainstarted.
=Afterthesignalwasgiven,thetrainstarted.(时间状语)
五、选择题
1.Everything___intoconsideration,theyoughttohaveanotherchance.
A.totakeB.takenC.tobetakenD.taking
2.Anexpert___tohelpthemtomorrow,theyaresuretoworkouttheproblem.
A.willcomeB,comingC.tocomeD.havingcome
3.Themeeting___over,hewenttopickuphissondirectly
A.tobeB.isC.wasD.being
4.---Theysatstillintheroom,___.---Whydidtheydolikethat
A.drawingthecurtainsB.withthecurtainsdrawn
C.withthecurtainsdrawingD.havingthecurtainsdrawn
5.Thesun___,theycontinuedtheirway.
A.hasrisenB.havingrisenC.hasraisedD.havingraised
6.Thecountryhasalreadysentupthreeunmannedspacecraft,themostrecent___attheend
oflastMarch.
A.hasbeenlaunchedB.havingbeenlaunched C.beinglaunchedD.tobelaunched
7.Herearetwovolumes,thethirdone____nextmonth.
A.comesoutB.cameoutC.comingoutD.tocomeout
8.Withhisson___,theoldmanfeltunhappy.
A.todisappointB.tobedisappointing C.disappointingD.beingdisappointed
9.---Comeon,pleasegivemesomeideasabouttheproject.
---Sorry.Withsomuchwork___mymind,Ialmostbreakdown.
A.filledB.fillingC.tofillD.beingfilled
10.Johnreceivedaninvitationtodinner,andwithhiswork___,hegladlyacceptedit.
A.finishedB.finishingC.havingfinishedD.wasfinished
11.__,Ihadtoaskfortwodays’leave.
A.MotherbeingillB.MotherillC.AsmotherwasillD.A,BandC
12.Withsomanybooks___,Icouldn’tgotosurftheInternet.
A.toreadB.tobereadC.readingD.read
13.Thethiefstoodbeforethepoliceman____admittingwhathehaddone.
A.withhisdroppingheadB.droppinghishead C.raisinghisheadD.withhisheaddown
14.Winter___,itistimetobuywarmclothes.
A.hascomeonB.iscomingonC.comingonD.comeson
15.Theoldmanlayonhisbackatthecornerofthestreet,hiseyes___andhishands___.
A.close,trembleB.closed,tremblingC.closing,tremblingD.closed,trembled
16.Withnothing__toburn,thefirebecameweakandfinallydiedout.
A.leavingB.leaveC.leftD.toleave
17.Itwasapitythatthegreatwriterdied___hisworksunfinished.
A.forB.withC.ofD.from
18.Icouldn’tdomyhomeworkwiththatnoise___on.
A.togoB.wentC.goingD.goes
19.___twoexamstoworryabout,Ihavetoworkreallyhardthisweekend.
A.BecauseofB.WithC.AsforD.Besides
20.Tomcamehome,___.
A.adogfollowinghimB.adogfollowedhim
C.beingfollowedhimD.adogwasfollowedhim
独立主格结构——练习
【现学现用】1
1.Isendyou100dollarstoday,therest_________inayear.
A.followsB.followedC.tofollowD.beingfollowed
2.Allthings_________,IthinkweoughttogivethejobtoGeorge.
A.considered B.consideringC.toconsiderD.beingconsidered
3.Theriver_________inthenight,thecrossingwasimpossible.
A.toriseB.roseC.havingrisenD.beingrisen
4.Moretime_________,weshouldhavedonethejobmuchbetter.
A.togiveB.giveC.beinggivenD.given
5.Weshallplaythematchtomorrow,weather_________.
A.permitsB.permittingC.topermitD.permitted
6.Themonitor_________ill,we’dbetterputthemeetingoff.
A.beingB.tobeC.beenD.tohavebeen
7.Animportantlecture_________giventomorrow,theprofessorhastostayuplateintothenight.
A.tobeB.beingC.beenD.tohavebeen
8.Hewaslyingonthegrass,hishands_________underhishead.
A.tocrossB.crossedC.crossingD.tobecrossing
9.Tom_________lateoverandover,hisbosswasverydisappointed.
A.havingbeen B.beenC.tobeD.tobeing
10.Otherthings_________equal,Iwouldbuytheblackdressnotthewhiteone.
A.beingB.tobeC.beenD.havingbeen
【现学现用】2
1.Anewtechnique_______,theyieldsasawholeincreasedby20percent.
A)workingoutB)havingworkedout
C)havingbeenworkedoutD)tohavebeenworkedout
2.Allthings_______,theplannedtripwillhavetobecalledoff.
A)consideredB)beconsideredC)consideringD)havingconsidered
3.Allflights_______becauseofthesnowstorm,manypassengerscoulddonothingbuttakethetrain.
A)hadbeencanceledB)havebeencanceled
C)werecanceledD)havingbeencanceled
4.Somanydirectors_______,theboardmeetinghadtobeputoff.
A)wereabsentB)beenabsentC)hadbeenabsentD)beingabsent
5.Allthetasks_______aheadoftime,theydecidedtogoonholidayforaweek.
A)beenfulfilledB)havingbeenfulfilledC)werefulfilledD)hadbeenfulfilled
6.Allflights_____becauseoftheterribleweather,theyhadtogotherebytrain.
A)havingbeencanceled C)havingcanceled B)hadbeencanceledD)werecanceled
speech_______,alivelydiscussionstarted.
A)beingdeliveredB)wasdeliveredC)bedeliveredD)havingbeendelivered
8.Silveristhebestconductorofelectricity,copper_______itclosely.
A)followedB)followingC)tofollowD)beingfollowing
9._______,amanwhoexpresseshimselfeffectivelyissuretosucceedmorerapidlythanamanwhosecommandoflanguageispoor.
A)OtherthingsbeingequalC)Tobeequaltootherthings
B)WereotherthingsequalD)Otherthingstobeequal
10.Thesaleusuallytakesplaceoutsidethehouse,withtheaudience_______onbenches,chairsorhavingseatedB)seatingC)seatedD)havingbeenseated
11.______thetemperaturefallingsorapidly,wecouldn'tgoonwiththeexperiment.
A)SinceB)ForC)AsD)With
12.______intheUnitedStates,St.Louishasnowbecomethe24thlargestcity.
A)beingthefourthbiggestcityB)Itwasoncethefourthbiggestcity
C)OncethefourthbiggestcityD)Thefourthbiggestcityitwas
【现学现用】3
1.Themeeting__
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