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unit
Unit5
PartA
Realitytelevision
Realitytelevisionisagenreoftelevisionprogrammingwhichpresentspurportedlyunscripteddramaticorhumoroussituations,documentsactualevents,andusuallyfeaturesordinarypeopleinsteadofprofessionalactors.Althoughthegenrehasexistedinsomeformoranothersincetheearlyyearsoftelevision,thetermrealitytelevisionismostcommonlyusedtodescribeprogramsofthisgenreproducedsince2000.Documentariesandnonfictionalprogrammingsuchasnewsandsportsshowsareusuallynotclassifiedasrealityshows.
Realitytelevisionsawanexplosionofglobalpopularitystartingintheearly2000s.Tworealityseries-SurvivorandAmericanIdol-havebeenthetop-ratedseriesonAmericantelevisionforanentireseason.TheshowsSurvivor,theIdolseries,theTopModelseries,theDancingWithTheStarsseries,TheApprentice,"FearFactor"andBigBrotherhaveallhadaglobalimpact,havingeachbeensuccessfullysyndicatedindozensofcountries.
Currentlythereareatleasttwotelevisionchannelsdevotedexclusivelytorealitytelevision:
FoxRealityintheUnitedStates,launchedin2005,andZoneRealityintheUK,launchedin2002.Inaddition,severalothercablechannels,suchasViacom'sMTVandNBC'sBravo,featureoriginalrealityprogrammingasamainstay.
InApril2008,theAcademyofTelevisionArtsandSciencesannounceditwillgiveitsveryfirstPrimetimeEmmyAwardforOutstandingHostforaRealityShoworRealityCompetitiononSeptember21."Realitytelevisionhasbecomesuchanintegralpartoftelevisionandourculture,soitonlymadesenseforustocreatethisnewhighlycompetitivecategory,"TVacademyChairmenandCEOJohnShaffnersaidintheannouncement.
TypesofrealityTV
Documentary-style
Inmanyrealitytelevisionshows,theviewerandthecameraarepassiveobserversfollowingpeoplegoingabouttheirdailypersonalandprofessionalactivities;thisstyleoffilmingisoftenreferredtoas"flyonthewall"or"Factualtelevision".Often"plots"areconstructedviaeditingorplannedsituations,withtheresultsresemblingsoapoperas—hencethetermdocusoapordocudrama.Inothershows,acinémavéritéstyleisadopted,wherethefilmmakerismorethanapassiveobserver—theirpresenceandinfluenceisgreatlymanifest.
Withindocumentary-stylerealitytelevisionareseveralsubcategoriesorvariants:
Speciallivingenvironment
Somedocumentary-styleprogramsplacecastmembers,whoinmostcasespreviouslydidnotknoweachother,inartificiallivingenvironments;TheRealWorldistheoriginatorofthisstyle.Inalmosteveryothersuchshow,castmembersaregivenaspecificchallengeorobstacletoovercome.
BigBrotherisprobablythebestknownprogramofthistypeintheworldwithdifferentversionsproducedinmanycountriesaroundtheglobe.
Celebrities
Anothersubsetoffly-on-the-wall-styleshowsinvolvescelebrities.Oftentheseshowacelebritygoingabouttheireverydaylife.Inothershows,celebritiesareputonlocationandgivenaspecifictaskortask.VH1hascreatedanentireblockofshowsdedicatedtocelebrityreality,knownas"Celebreality".
Professionalactivities
Somedocumentary-styleshowsportrayprofessionalseithergoingaboutday-to-daybusinessorperforminganentireprojectoverthecourseofaseries.Nooutsideexpertsarebroughtin(atleast,noneappearonscreen)toeitherprovidehelportojudgeresults.Theearliestexample(andthelongestrunningrealityshowofanygenre)isCOPSwhichhasbeenairingsince1989,precedingbymanyyearsthecurrentrealityshowphenomenon.
Elimination/Gameshows
AnothertypeofrealityTVis"reality-competition",orso-called"realitygameshows",inwhichparticipantsarefilmedcompetingtowinaprize,oftenwhilelivingtogetherinaconfinedenvironment.Inmanycases,participantsareremoveduntilonlyonepersonorteamremains,who/whichisthendeclaredthewinner.Usuallythisisdonebyeliminatingparticipantsoneatatime,inballoondebatestyle,througheitherdisapprovalvotingorbyvotingforthemostpopularchoicetowin.Votingisdonebyeithertheviewingaudience,theshow'sownparticipants,apanelofjudges,orsomecombinationofthethree.(Theseprogramshavealsobeencalled"gameoperas,"atermcoinedbySteveBeverly.
Awell-knownexampleofareality-competitionshowistheglobally-syndicatedBigBrother,inwhichcastmemberslivetogetherinthesamehouse,withparticipantsremovedatregularintervalsbyeithertheviewingaudienceor,inthecaseoftheAmericanversion,bytheparticipantsthemselves.
Thereremainssomedisagreementoverwhethertalent-searchshowssuchasthePopstarsseries,America'sGotTalent,DancingwiththeStars,andCelebrityDuetsaretrulyrealitytelevision,orjustnewerincarnationsofshowssuchasStarSearch.Althoughtheshowsinvolveatraditionaltalentsearch,theshowsfollowthereality-competitionconventionsofremovingoneormorecontestantsperepisodeandallowingthepublictovoteonwhoisremoved;thePopstarsseriesalsorequirethecontestantstolivetogetherduringtherunoftheshow(thoughtheirdailylifeisnevershownonscreen).Additionally,thereisagooddealofinteractionshownbetweencontestantsandjudges.Asaresult,suchshowsareoftenconsideredrealitytelevision.
ModerngameshowslikeWhoWantstoBeaMillionairealsolieinagrayarea:
liketraditionalgameshows,theactiontakesplaceinanenclosedTVstudiooverashortperiodoftime;however,theyhavehigherproductionvalues,moredramaticbackgroundmusic,andhigherstakesthantraditionalshows(doneeitherthroughputtingcontestantsintophysicaldangerorofferinglargecashprizes).Inaddition,thereismoreinteractionbetweencontestantsandhosts,andinsomecasestheyfeaturereality-stylecontestantcompetitionand/oreliminationaswell.
Popularvariantsofthecompetition-basedformatincludethefollowing:
Dating-basedcompetition
Dating-basedcompetitionshowsfollowacontestantchoosingoneoutofagroupofsuitors.Overthecourseofeitherasingleepisodeoranentireseason,suitorsareeliminateduntilonlythecontestantandthefinalsuitorremains.
Jobsearch
Inthiscategory,thecompetitionrevolvesaroundaskillthatcontestantswerepre-screenedfor.Competitorsperformavarietyoftasksbasedaroundthatskill,arejudged,andarethenkeptorremovedbyasingleexpertorapanelofexperts.Theshowisusuallypresentedasajobsearchofsomekind,inwhichtheprizeforthewinnerincludesacontracttoperformthatkindofwork.Thefirstjob-searchshowwhichshoweddramatic,unscriptedsituationsmayhavebeenAmerica'sNextTopModel,whichpremieredinMay2003.OtherexamplesincludeTheApprentice(whichjudgesbusinessskills),Hell'sKitchen(forchefs),ShearGenius(forhairstyling)ProjectRunway(forclothingdesign),TopChef(forcooking),TopDesign(forinteriordesign),Stylista(forfashioneditors),LastComicStanding(forcomedians),TheStarletandScreamQueens(foractresses),OntheLot(forfilmmakers),TheShot(forphotographers),SoYouThinkYouCanDance(fordancers)andtheMuchMusicVJSearch(fortelevisionhosts)..
Fear-centric
Possiblyintroducedinthemid1990swithAustralia'sWhoDaresWins,thenintheUSwithMTV'sFearin2000,fear-centricshowsplacepeopleinsituationsorlocationsaimedatgeneratingemotionsoffright,panic,orrevulsion.ShowsinthegenreincludeFearFactor,ScareTacticsandCelebrityParanormalProject.
Sports
Mostoftheseprogramscreateasportingcompetitionamongathletesattemptingtoestablishtheirnameinthatsport.TheClub,in2002,wasoneofthefirstshowstoimmersesportwithrealityTV,basedaroundafabricatedclubcompetingagainstrealclubsinthesportofAustralianrulesfootball;theaudiencehelpedselectwhichplayersplayedeachweekbyvotingfortheirfavorites.
Self-improvement/makeover
Somerealitytelevisionshowscoverapersonorgroupofpeopleimprovingtheirlives.Despitedifferencesinthecontent,theformatisusuallythesame:
firsttheshowintroducesthesubjectsintheircurrent,less-than-idealenvironment.Thenthesubjectsmeetwithagroupofexperts,whogivethesubjectsinstructionsonhowtoimprovethings;theyofferaidandencouragementalongtheway.Finally,thesubjectsareplacedbackintheirenvironmentandthey,alongwiththeirfriendsandfamilyandtheexperts,appraisethechangesthathaveoccurred.Otherself-improvementormakeovershowsincludeTheBiggestLoserandFatMarch,(whichcoversweightloss),ExtremeMakeover(entirephysicalappearance),QueerEyeForTheStraightGuy(styleandgrooming),Supernanny(child-rearing),Made(attainingdifficultgoals),WhatNottoWear(fashionandgrooming),Trinny&SusannahUndress(fashionmakeoverandmarriage),ToolAcademy(relationshipbuilding),FlavorofLoveGirls:
CharmSchool&RockofLoveGirls:
CharmSchool2(manners),TheGirlsofHedsorHall(etiquette)andTheBadGirlsClub&BadGirlsRoadTrip(self-improvment).
Renovation
Someshowsmakeoverpartorallofaperson'slivingspace,workspace,orvehicle.
Socialexperiment
Anothertypeofrealityprogramisthesocialexperimentthatproducesdrama,conflict,andsometimestransformation.
Datingshows
Unliketheaforementioneddatingcompetitionshows,someshowsfeatureallnewcontestantseachepisode.Thisformatwasfirstusedinthe1960sshowTheDatingGame.ModernexamplesincludeBlindDate,RoomRaiders,Elimidate,Next,andParentalControl.
Talkshows
Thoughthetraditionalformatofatalkshowisthatofahostinterviewingafeaturedguestordiscussingachosent
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