西方文明史复习资料.doc
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西方文明史复习资料.doc
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西方文明史复习资料
一、人类文明的诞生
一)、四大文明发源地及其各自主要贡献:
1、两河流域Mesopotamia(3500BCE-):
Ur乌尔,Sumer苏摩尔,Akkad阿卡德,Babylonia巴比伦
贡献:
楔形文字cuneiform---FirstWrittenLanguage
农业:
Sumer:
barley大麦wasthemaincrop,butwheat,flax亚麻,dates,apples,plums李子,andgrapeswerealsogrown
Ur:
6000人口中有2500的劳动力
畜牧业Husbandry最早的白羊毛,羊(meatandmilk;butterandcheese)比牛多
2、古印度AncientEgypt
数
3、古埃及ancientEgypt
1)大规模动员劳动力来建造大工程Largescalemobilization动员oflaborsforhugeprojects.例Pyramid
2)天文学和建筑学DevelopmentinAstronomyandArchitecture
3)书写系统Writingsystem
4)行政体系Administrationsystem
4、古中国ancientChina四大发明:
gunpowder、Compass、printing、Papermaking
二)、犹太文明JudaicHeritage
单一神论Monotheism(thebeliefinoneGod.Godisallpowerful)JudaismChristianBeliefs
多神论polytheism
三)、Greco-RomanHeritage
1、古希腊罗马文明总结SummeryofGreco-RomanHeritage
1)Philosophyandwayofthinking:
Logic(CombinedwithChristianitytoinfluencethedailylifeofthewest)
2)Politicalsystem
3)Law
4)Arts
2、GreekHeritage
贡献:
a.Logic,philosophy,science,literature,arts,politicalthoughts,historiography,poetics,esthetics,etc.
b.Handcraft,architecture,navigation,militaryarts,politicalandlegalsystems,etc.
哲学Philosophy:
Pre-Socrates
1)爱琴海时代Aegeancivilizations
•黑暗时代GreekDarkAge(1200-750BCE)
•荷马时代TheHomericAge(ca.800BCE)
2)古希腊时代(700-500BCE)AncientGreekCivilizations
•民族报和城邦EthnosandPolis(City-state)
•科林斯、斯巴达与雅典Corinth,SpartaandAthens
•贵族、专制、民主Athens---Aristocracy,TyrannyandDemocracy
Apollo阿波罗在此时代
贡献:
文学和艺术Literatureandarts:
Homer和Iliad伊利亚特&Odessa奥德赛
戏剧Dramas:
TragedyandComedy
史学:
Herodotus(c.484BC–c.425BCE),thefatherofHistory史学之父
讲述了希腊波斯战争TheHistoriestellsthestoryoftheGreco-PersianWars,Writtenabout440BCE
代表人物:
苏格拉底Socrates.469BC–399BC
柏拉图Plato
亚里士多德Aristotl
•伯利克里Pericles,thepopularAtheniandemocraticleader(461-429BCE)
Despotism、Patriarch、Democracy专制、元老、民主
HellenicAge
•ThePersianWar波斯战争
•AthenianImperialism雅典帝国主义
•ThePeloponnesianWar(431-404BCE)
•MacedonianUnificationofGreece希腊马其顿统一
3)HellenisticAge泛希腊时代
•AlexandertheGreat亚历山大大帝
•DiffusionofGreekculture希腊文化扩散
2)RomanHeritage贡献:
法律建筑
a.AncientRome
b.RepublicRome
c.RomanEmpire
四)日耳曼文明GermanicHeritage
1、CommuneSystems
2、Autonomy
3、CommonLaws重点
•thelawofancientRomefromthetimeofthefoundingofthecityin753BCEuntilthefalloftheWesternEmpireinthe5thcenturyCE.ItremainedinuseintheEastern,orByzantine,Empireuntil1453.Asalegalsystem,RomanlawhasaffectedthedevelopmentoflawinmostofWesterncivilizationaswellasinpartsoftheEast.ItformsthebasisforthelawcodesofmostcountriesofcontinentalEuropeandderivativesystemselsewhere.
代表人物:
JuliusCaesar
Americancivilization例如:
玛雅文明Maya
第二部分:
中世纪MiddleAges
第一部分:
奴隶制的衰落与封建制的崛起
一、奴隶制的衰落FallofSlaverySystem
1、罗马帝国的瓦解CollapseofRomanEmpireCE476
2、基督教的兴起RiseofChristianChurchBeliefinafterlife来世
3、外族人的入侵BarbarianInvasions
*二、西方封建制特点FeaturesofWesternFeudalism
1)领主和他们的附庸Lordsandtheirvassals
2)封地和农奴Fiefandserfs
•东西方封建体制的差异DifferencesbetweenWesternandChineseFeudalSystems
1)Lordvs.State
2)遗产继承和社会地位的变动Heredityvs.SocialMobility
注:
Feudalismwastheexpressionofasocietyinwhicheverymanwasboundtoeveryotherbymutualtiesofloyaltyandservice.
长子继承制Primogeniture
Thefirstbornsoninheritedtheentiretyofaparent'swealth,estate,titleoroffice.Intheabsenceofchildren,inheritancepassedtothecollateralrelatives,inorderofseniorityofthecollateralline.
三、FeudalismandNewTechnologies
1)军事:
来自中国Military:
FromChina,Stirrup
2)生产力的发展Increaseproductivity
3)家庭成为主要的生产组织Householdbecomesthemajorunitofproduction
四、DeclineofFeudalism
1、人口大减DepopulationofEurope
1)战争Wars:
(suchascrusades十字军东征1095---1272)
2)黑死病1347-1350BlackDeath:
onethirdtohalfofthepopulationdied.
3)人口减少对其影响Theimpactofdepopulationonthefeudalism.
第二部分:
资本主义的兴起EmergenceofCapitalism
一、文艺复兴TheItalianRenaissance
1、简介:
TheRenaissancewasaculturalmovementthatprofoundlyaffectedEuropeanintellectuallifeintheearlymodernperiod.BeginninginItaly,andspreadingtotherestofEuropebythe16thcentury,itsinfluenceaffectedliterature,philosophy,art,politics,science,religion,andotheraspectsofintellectualenquiry.
2、背景:
Backgrounds:
•意大利的地理位置GeographicalpositionsofItaly
•与东方的商业往来CommercialexchangeswiththeOrient
•财富的积累AccumulationofWealth
•CityStates城邦:
Venice,Florence,Milan,NaplesandPapalStates
2、特点FeaturesofRenaissance:
Humanism
1)重视个人成就EmphasisonIndividualAchievements
2)重视现世,而不是来世Emphasisonthislife,notafterlife
3)重视在多方面的成绩Emphasisoncomprehensiveaccomplishmentsinarts,literature,science,politicsandeverything.
3、核心思想:
人文主义思想Humanism
humanistsasserted"thegeniusofman...theuniqueandextraordinaryabilityofthehumanmind
Humanismwasnotaphilosophyperse本身、本质上,butratheramethodoflearning.Incontrasttothemedieval中世纪scholasticmode方式,whichfocusedonresolving解决contradictions矛盾betweenauthors,humanistswouldstudyancienttextsintheoriginal,andappraise估计、评价themthroughacombinationofreasoning推理andempiricalevidence实验数据.
二、意大利文艺复兴的贡献AchievementsofItalianRenaissance
1、在艺术:
Inarts:
达芬奇LeonardodaVinci,《MonaLisa》《TheLastSupper》
米开朗琪罗Michelangelo,,《David》
Raphael,LeonardodaVinci,SandroBotticelli,andMichelangeloBuonarroti.
2、在文学InLiterature:
Dante,Petrarch,Bocaccio
3、在科学Inscience:
DaVinci
4、在政治Inpolitics:
Machiavelli:
ThePrince
三:
民族国家的兴起EmergenceofNationStates
一)背景:
贸易和市场的扩张Tradesandexpandingmarkets
•国家意识SenseofNation
•国家对教会Statevs.Church
•AbsoluteMonarchy君主制anddespotism专制:
Theoriesandpractice
•TheOrientandEmpires
四:
资产阶级革命BourgeoisRevolutions
一)英国资产阶级革命EnglishRevolution
1、君主专制政体AbsoluteMonarchy
RuleoftheHouseofStuart斯图亚特王室
2、革命前的社会阶级SocialClassesbeforetherevolution
Merchants商人
GentlemenandNewGentry绅士和新贵族
Yeomanry(free-holders©-holders)自耕家
Nobles贵族
3、背景:
1)社会经济背景SocialandEconomicBackground
工商业ManufactureandCommerce
制造业,分散工场Manufacturing—Puttingoutsystem
农业革命AgriculturalRevolution
圈地,资本主义农场Enclosure,CapitalistFarming
国际贸易ForeignTrade
2)舆论文化背景
•文艺复兴Renaissance例:
ThomasMore,Shakespeare,Milton米尔顿,etc.
•清教运动Puritanism例:
TheChosenSalvation
4、从革命到斯图亚特王朝复辟FromCivilWarstotheRestoration
从两次内战到共和国FromCivilWarstoCommonwealth
•Royalists保皇派orcavaliers骑士派vsroundheads圆颅派
•护国政体Protectorate
•斯图亚特王朝复辟Restoration
5、革命形势的形成PoliticalCrisisbetheRevolution
1)君主专制统治的特点CharacteristicsofEnglishDespotism
WeakMonarch君主;Parliament;Noblesystem
2)斯图亚特当政TheReignofStuarts
Feudalist封建Landsystem,Taxesandfinancialpolicy,foreignpolicy,Religiousprosecutions,conflictsbetweenthemonarchandthebourgeois
3)代表人物:
克伦威尔OliverCromwell
4、光荣革命GloriousRevolution
1)国内革命的结果ConsequencesofCivilWars
•封建社会关系崩溃CollapseofFeudalSocialRelations
•资本主义经济的发展DevelopmentofCapitalistEconomy
•变更土地所有权ChangeofLandownership
•资产阶级政治理论PoliticaltheoriesofBourgeoisie
2)1688光荣革命GloriousRevolution1688詹姆斯二世JamesII
•资产阶级政治体系的建立EstablishmentofBourgeoisPoliticalSystem
•君主立宪制ConstitutionalMonarchy
3)威廉和玛丽WilliamofOrangeandMarry,ProtestantdaughterofJamesII
4)权利法案BillofRights
•国王不能颁布法律Thekingcouldnotsuspendlaw.
•不经议会允许不能征税NotaxeswithouttheconsentofParliament
•在议会中言论自由FreedomofspeechinParliament
•请愿的权利和过度罚款,保释,或残忍的惩罚Rightofpetitionandfreeofexcessivefines,bail,orcruelpunishment
5)第一位首相罗伯特沃尔波尔RobertWalpolethefirstBritishprimeminister.
6)革命意义:
SignificanceofEnglishRevolution
•资产阶级政权的首次胜利ThefirstmajorpoliticalvictoryofCapitalism
•革命在妥协中结束RevolutionendedinCompromise妥协
•披着宗教的外衣Revolutioninreligiousdisguise伪装,soalsocalledPuritanRevolution
二)美国资产阶级革命(1775-1783)AmericanRevolution
1、三种殖民地Thirteencolonies:
、
•north,middleandsouth;
proprietary;autonomous自治的、有自主权的andcrown
•
北部:
小农和手工业North:
smallfarmersandmanufacturing;
中部:
大农业Middle:
Largescalefarming;
南部:
奴隶种植园South:
Slaveplantation
2、美利尘民族的形成Nationinthemaking
1)有益忽视Benevolentnegligence
2)民族市场的形成FormationofNationalmarket
3)民族意识的形成Senseofnation
4)殖民地与宗主国的矛盾Conflictsbetweencoloniesandthemothernation
3、
1)七年战争结束Theendof7yearswar1763
2)英国殖民政策ColonialpoliciesoftheGreatBritain
SugarAct,StampAct,TownshendActs
3)波士顿惨案BostonMassacre1770波士顿大屠杀BostonMassacre
4)第一次大陆会议TheFirstContinentalCongress
5)波士顿茶党和不可容忍的法律BostonTeaPartyandIntolerableActs
波士顿倾茶案BostonTeaParty
6)1775战争的第一枪Shotsheardroundtheworld:
LexingtonandConcord,
•列克星敦战BattleofLexington
7)立宪会议ConstitutionalConference
4、独立宣言起草人ThomasJefferson
汉密尔顿AlexanderHamilton
麦迪逊JamesMadison,美国宪法之父
5、权利法案(前十条修正案)BillofRights
•Rightofexpression,assembly,petition,ofreligion,etc.
•Righttobeararms.
•Rightofjusttrial.
•Rightsofpeople:
Internallawsvs.Internationalpractice.
三)、法国资产阶级革命FrenchRevolution
1、背景:
启蒙运动(17—18世纪)IdeologicalBackground:
Enlightenment
口号:
自由平等博爱Liberty、Equalit、Fraternity
1)简介:
aEuropeanintellectualmovementofthe17thand18thcenturiesinwhichideasconcerningGod,reason,nature,andmanweresynthesized合成intoaworldview世界观thatgainedwideassent赞同、认同andthatinstigated煽动、鼓动revolutionarydevelopmentsinart,philosophy,andpolitics.
•Enlightenmentwasadesireforhumanaffairstobeguidedbyrationality理性ratherthanbyfaith,superstition迷信,orrevelation;abeliefinthepowerofhumanreason人类理性tochang
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