论文.docx
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论文.docx
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论文
1Introduction
Languageisoneofthedecisivefactorsthatenablemandifferentfromotheranimalstoliveonearth.Withoutlanguagewecannotlearn,andsolveproblems.Anysimpletasksrequirelanguage.Withoutlanguageitisdifficulttorefertoanythingawayfromusinspaceandtime.Languageallowshumanbeingstoadapttochangingcircumstancesfarmorequicklythanwouldbeachievedbyevolution.Humanlanguageisinfinitelyversatile.Honeybeeshavearemarkablewayoflettingothersknowthedirectioninwhichasourceofnectarliesandhowfarawayitisbymeansofa"dance",buttheycouldnotbegintodiscussthemeritsofotherfoodstuffsoralternativewaysofconstructingtheirhomes.
Inshort,thenatureandthedominanceofthewayoflifethatthehumanracepossessesaredueinverylargeparttothefactthathumanbeingscanspeak.
Sincewehaveseenthesignificanceoflanguage,then,howmightwedefineit?
AnearlierAmericanlinguist,EdwardSapir,givesadefinition.Hesupportsthehypothesisthatlanguagerelatestocommunicationbetweenhumanbeings.Tohimlanguagedoesnotincludesuchinstinctiveformsofcommunicationassmilingandcriesofpain.HisdefinitionthatLanguageisapurelyhumanandnon-instinctivemethodofcommunicatingideas,emotions,anddesiresbymeansofasystemofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols.
ForcomparisonwemaylookatadefinitiongivenbyamodernBritishlinguist,
DavidCrystal,whowrotethefollowing:
``Thediscussionmaybesummarizedbyreferringtolanguageashumanvocalnoise(orthegraphicrepresentationofthisnoiseinwriting)usedsystematicallyandconventionallybyacommunityforpurposeofcommunication."
Thusthisdefinitionalsoproposescommunicationastheprincipalfunctionof
language.Whatitdoesnotdoistheattempttospecifywhatiscommunicated.
2LiteratureRelevance
Thetheoryofthispaperismainlyaboutthedefinitionandthefunctionofthecontext,andits'influencesontranslation.Tofinishthispaper,Newmark,Peter'stheoryandNidaEugeneA.'sonthedefinitionandthefunctionofthecontext,andthetheoryofthecontext'sinfluencesontranslationofYemiao,Yuejinsheng,Zhangpeijigavemeagreathelp.
Weshouldfirstunderstandthemeaningofthecontext,generallyspeaking,itcanbeunderstoodasanenvironmentwherethecommunicatorscommunicate,theenvironmentprovidedbytheverballanguageitself,whichincludesthelevelsignificanceoflanguage,languagestructureandthelogicalrelationshipbetweensentencesprovidedbythecontextwhichconstitutesthespeechunits.Cananyspeechactivityseparatedfromthelinguisticcontestexists!
Afterknowingthedefinitionofthecontext,weshouldhaveageneralunderstandingofthefunctionsofthecontext.Thepapergivestwomainfunctionsofthecontext:
restrictivefunction,andtheexplanationfunction.Bothofthetwofunctionshavebeengivendetailedexplanationinthepaper.
Finally,weshouldhaveaclearsenseofthecontext'sinfluencesontranslation.Thepapergivesthreemaininfluences:
theenvironmentofcontextinfluencestheideationalmeaningofthesameword,thelinguisticfactorsthatinfluencethetranslatorsandnon-linguisticcontext'sinfluenceonEnglish-Chinesetranslation.
3OnContext
3.1Thesignificanceofthestudyofcontext
Asakindofinformationsystem,languageisuniquetohumansociety.Thecommunicationwithlanguage----thetransmittingandreceivingofinformation,occursonlyinparticularenvironmentsandareinfluencedbyandsubjecttothemaswell.Theseactualenvironmentsarethebasisofhuman'ssocialcommunication;peopleusinglanguageinsocietyallcommunicateonspecificoccasions,inaspecificrange,forspecificpurposes,andwithspecificpeople.Inotherwords,theseactualenvironmentsarethecontentsurroundingawordorapassageinwrittenworksandspeechactsandthesocialandnaturalenvironments,includingsocialstatus,sex,ageofthespeakerandthehearer,aswellastheirgeographic,cultural,linguistic,ideological,andsocial,customarybackground.Thisacturalenvironmentistechnicallytermedcontext,includinglinguistcontext(co-text),situationalcontext,andculturalcontext.
Thestatusandvalueofcontextisbecomingmoreandmoreimportantinthestudyofmodernlinguistics.Whydosomanybranchesoflinguisticssuchassocio-linguistics,pragmatics,semantics,stylistics,andrhetoricalltakeupcontextasanimportantsubject?
Whyisitnecessaryforpeopletorefertocontextwhentheyexpressorunderstandaword,asentenceorevenatext?
Whyasentencethatisappropriateonthisoccasionisinappropriateonthatone?
Itisallbecausepeoplearecontrolledbythecontext;nomattertheyareconsciousornot.
Contextistheenvironmentinwhichlanguageisunderstood,usedanddevelops.
Itrestrainslanguageanddeterminesitsdestiny.
3.2TheDefinitionofContextandSemanteme
Thepurposeoflanguageiscommunication,soanyspeechactivitiesarecarriedonunderspecificcircumstances.Suchenvironmentcanbeinterpretedasthecontextofabigtopic,contextofsocialandculturalindifferenttimeanddefferentspace.Bothsidesofcommunicationsharetheinformationofthebackgroundcontext(YeMiao,2000);SmallenoughwecanunderstandsuchenvironmentasproposedbyHanLidecontextofscene,contextofmodeandcontextofthecommunicators;Thensmalleritcantobeunderstoodasthecontextprovidedbytheverballanguageitself,whichincludesthelevelsignificanceoflanguage,languagestructureandthelogicalrelationshipbetweensentencesprovidedbythecontextwhichconstitutesthespeechunits.Cananyspeechactivityseparatedfromthelinguisticcontestexists!
Indeterminingthemeaningofwords,weconsidernotonlythelanguageitselffromthelinguisticpointofview,butalsotakeintoaccounttheimpactofthenon-linguisticfactorsofitsillocutionaryextendedmeaning,soastodeterminethesemanticsandshouldbeaccurate.
Contextdeterminesthesemantic,andthisversionhasbeenpubliclyknowntoallwhooccupyintranslation.YueJinsheng'sanalysisofthelessamountoftranslationandhowtocompensatetheamountbyculturalcompensationinthe"lesstheamountoftranslationandculturalcompensation",isactuallydiscoursingthecontestdeterminingthesemanticandfurthersemanticcompensation.Inhisopinion,Thelessamountoftranslationowestotheculturaldifferencescausedbytheoriginalsourcelanguageandthetargetlanguageculture(YueJinsheng1999).Thatistosay,thedeterminationofthesemantememustdependontheculturalcontest.
Onthebasisofgraspingthecontextinformation,andestablishingthesemantics,whenconsideringtheissuesofamplificationandomissionoftranslating,therandomnesswillbegreatlyreduced,thewordsaddedwouldbe"Nothatwordbuthasitsmeaning",andthewordsomittedwouldnaturallybe"nomorewordthanitsmeaning.(ZhangPeiji,1983)。
3.3FunctionsofContext
Thereasonwhycontexthasbecomeapopularsubjectofstudyandcausedattentioninthelinguisticfieldrecentlyistheimportanceofcontextitself.Theimportancewouldbeheightenedasweprobedeeperintotheurgencyandinestimablepracticalvalue,however,isthedirectessenceofit.Theteachinglinguisticandthedevelopmentofmoderninformationsciencereason.Languagecallforadvancedtheory,scientificdescriptionofcontextandespeciallytheregularityoflanguageinrealisticuse.
Contextislikethelovingmotheraswellasstrictfather:
theformermakewordssaidorwrittenpossiblewhilefatherdisciplinesalltheirchildren,makingthemsensibleandreasonable.Inrealisticlinguisticactivities,eventhesimplestwordhasitsmotherandfather.Theirrelationisthemainquestionfordiscussioninthestudyofcontext.
Whatkindoffunctionsdoescontexthaveintheactualstudyoflanguage?
Andwhatarethecharacteristicsandmeaningsofthesefunctions?
Thefollowingistheexplanation.
3.3.1RestrictiveFunction
Onscope:
languageactivityisalwaysrestrictedincertaincontextscope.(i)Entirerestrictionmeansthecontexthasanentirerestrictiononallthelanguageactivities.Becausethescalesoflanguageactivitiesarenotthesame,thecontextsthatrestrictthemarealsodifferentinsize.Itcanbethewholehumansociety,orjustasentenceorevenaword.
Generallyspeaking,contextthathasentirerestrictivefunctioninaliteraryworkshouldbeitssetting,itstheme,thewriter'sproductivemotivationandhisorherstyle,allofwhichrunthroughthewholeworkandinfluenceitscontentandartisticexpressions.Thesubjectorthemeortheadverbialmodifieratthebeginningofasentencecanrestrictthestructureorthecontentofthissentence.Takethesentence"Childrenweresinginganddancing."forinstance.Althoughthemeaningisclear,readerswouldfeelthereissomethingmissinghere,e.g.theplacewheretheywereplaying.Usingthecontexttheorytoexplainthis,wewouldknowthatifthedoer,time,oroccasionofaspecificactivityisnotclear,thelanguagewillloseitsbackingandtheinsufficiencyoftheinformationwillarise.
(ii)Partrestrictionmeansthatcontextonlyhastherestrictivefunctiononsomepartsofthelinguisticactivities.
Let'sfirstdrawananalogy.Ifthecentralgovernment'scontrolofthewholecountryisanentirerestriction,thentherightthelocalgovernmenthasisapartrestriction.TakeLuXun'sTheNewYearSacrificeforexample,ifthepoliticalsystem,theclan,thehusbandandreligion,thefeudalismandpatriarchyaretheentirerestrictionsthatcausethelife-longtragedyofXianglin'swife,thenA-mao'sdeathisapa
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