完整word版新编简明英语语言学教程复习资料.docx

完整word版新编简明英语语言学教程复习资料.docx

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完整word版新编简明英语语言学教程复习资料

ChapteroneIntroduction

一、定义

1.语言学Linguistics

Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.

2.普通语言学GeneralLinguistics

ThestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledGenerallinguistics.

3.语言language

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。

4.识别特征DesignFeatures

Itreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.

语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。

Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多产性Duality双重性

Displacement移位性Culturaltransmission文化传递

Thedesignfeaturesmentionedinthecoursebookincludearbitrariness,productivityorcreativity,duality,displacementandculturaltransmission.

Byarbitrarinessitismeantthatthesymbolsusedinhumanlanguagearearbitrary,i.e.thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenthesymbolsandwhattheystandfor.

Thefeatureofproductivitymeansthatlanguageisproductiveorcreative,i.e.itispossibleforitsuserstoconstructandunderstandanunlimitednumberofsentences,includingsentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore.

Dualityisafeatureofthestructureofthehumanlanguagesystem,whichconsistsoftwolevels.Atthelowerlevelthereexistalimitednumberofsoundswhicharemeaningless,whileatthehigherlevelthesemeaninglesssoundscanbearrangedandrearrangedinvariouswaystoformmeaningfullanguageunits,unlimitedinnumber.

Thefeatureofdisplacementmeansthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorunreal,inthepast,present,orfuture.

Culturaltransmission,incontrasttogenetictransmission,referstothefactthathumanbabies,thoughbornwiththeabilitytoacquirealanguage,mustbetaughttouseit.

5.语言能力Competence

Competenceistheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.

6.语言运用performance

Performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.

语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。

7.历时语言学Diachroniclinguistics

Thestudyoflanguagechangethroughtime.adiachronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy,whichstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.

8.共时语言学synchroniclinguistics

Thestudyofagivenlanguageatagiventime.

9.语言langue

Theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.

10.言语parole

Therealizationoflangueinactualuse.

11.规定性Prescriptive

Itaimstolaydownrulesfor”correct”behavior,totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhatshouldnotsay.

12.描述性Descriptive

Alinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.

二、知识点

1.Languageisnotanisolatedphenomenon,it’sasocialactivitycarriedoutinacertainsocialenvironmentbyhumanbeings.

语言不是一种孤立的现象，而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一种社会活动。

2.几种观点和现象的提出者：

⑴瑞士语言学家F.deSaussureF.deSaussure:

Langue和parole的区别

⑵U.S.AlinguistN.Chomsky美国语言学家N.Chomsky

in1950针对Saussure’slangue&parole提出Competence和performance

3.theword“language”precededbythezero-article,itimpliesthatlinguisticsstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage.

Language一词前不加冠词说明语言学家不只研究一种特定的语言。

三、问答题

1.Whataremajorbranchesoflinguistics?

Whatdoeseachstudy?

Phonetics----it’sdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage,it’sconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages.

Phonology---thestudyofsoundssystems—theinventoryofdistinctivesoundsthatoccurinalanguageandthepatternsintowhichtheyfall.

Morphology---It’sabranchofagrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.

Syntax-------it'sasubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureofalanguage.

Semantics---It’ssimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaninginabstraction.

Pragmatics---thestudyofmeaningincontextofwords.

Sociolinguistics—thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosociety.

Psycholinguistics---thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingofthemind.

Appliedlinguistics---theapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning.

2.Whatmakesmodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar?

Modernlinguisticsisdescriptive,itsinvestigationsarebasedonauthenticandmainlyspokenlanguagedate.现代语言学是描述性的，其研究以确实可靠的、主要以口语形式的资料为基础。

Traditionalgrammarisprescriptive.Itisbasedon“high”writtenlanguage.

传统语法是规定性的，研究“高级”书面语。

3.Ismodernlinguisticsmainlysynchronicordiachronic?

Why?

Modernlinguisticsismainlysynchronic,focusingonthepresent-daylanguage,unlessthevariousstatesofalanguagearesuccessfullystudied,itwillnotbepossibletodescribelanguagefromadiachronicpointofview.

现代语言学主要是共时性的，重点研究现代语言。

除非对语言的各种状态都进行成功的研究，否则很难从历时性角度对语言进行描述。

ChapterTwoPhonology

一、定义

1.宽式音标Broadtranscription

Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundswithlettersymbolsonly.

2.窄式音标Narrowtranscription

Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundwithletterssymbolsandthediacritics.

3.清音Voiceless

Whenthevocalcordsaredrawnwideapart,lettingairgothroughwithoutcausingvibration,thesoundsproducedinsuchaconditionarecalledvoicelesssounds.

4.浊音Voicing

Soundsproducedwhilethevocalcordsarevibratingarecalledvoicedsounds.

5.元音Vowel

Thesoundsintheproductionofwhichnoarticulatorscomeveryclosetogetherandtheairstreampassesthroughthevocaltractwithoutobstructionarecalledvowels.

6.辅音Consonants

Thesoundsintheproductionofwhichthereisanobstructionoftheairstreamatsomepointofthevocaltractarecalledconsonants.

7.音位Phoneme

Thebasicunitinphonology,it’sacollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.

8.音位变体Allophones

Differentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.

9.音素phone

Aphoneticunitorsegment.Itdoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning.It’saspeechsoundweusewhenspeakingalanguage.

10.最小对立对Minimalpair

Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.

11.超切分特征Suprasegmental

Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentarecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures.themainsuprasegmentalfeaturesincludestress,intonationandtone.

12.互补分布complementarydistributionP35

Twoallophonesofthesamephonemearesaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.

13.语言的语音媒介Phonicmediumoflanguage

Thelimitedrangeofsoundswhicharemeaningfulinhumancommunicationandareofinteresttolinguisticstudiesarethephonicmediumoflanguage.

在人类交际中有着一定意义、对语言学研究来说举足轻重。

有限的声音是语音媒介。

14.爆破音stops

Whenaobstructioncreatedbythespeechorgansistotalorcomplete,thespeechsoundproducedwiththeobstructionreleasedandtheairpassingoutagainiscalledastoporaplosive.

theyare[b][p][t][d][k][g]

二、知识点

1.statisticsresultingfromcarefulinvestigationsshowthattherehavebeenover5,000languagesintheworld,abouttwothirdsofwhichhavenothadwrittenform.

2.Ofthetwomediaoflanguage,speechismorebasicthanwriting.

3.Phonetics组成及研究对象详见教材

⑴Articulatoryphonetics发音语音学

⑵Auditoryphonetics听觉语音学

⑶Acousticphonetics声学语音学

4.ArticulatoryApparatus/OrgansofSpeech

Pharyngealcavity–咽腔

Oral...–口腔greatestsourceofmodificationofairstreamfoundhere

Nasal…–鼻腔

5.Thetongueisthemostflexible,responsibleformorevarietiesofarticulationthananyother,theextremebackofthetonguecanberaisedtowardstheuvulaandaspeechsoundcanbethusproducedasisusedinArabicandFrench.

6.Obstructionbetweenthebackofthetongueandthevelararearesultsinthepronunciationof[k]and[g],thenarrowingofspacebetweenthehardpalateandthefrontofthetongueleadstothesound[j];theobstructioncreatedbetweenthetipofthetongueandthealveolarridgeresultsinthesounds[t]and[d].

7.nasalconsonants:

[m]/[n]/[η]

8.APhoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.

9.Englishhasfourbasictypesofintonation:

Fallingtone;Risingtone;Fall-risetone;Rise-falltone

三、问答题

1.HowaretheEnglishconsonantsclassified?

Byplaceofarticulationand.Bymannerofarticulation

根据发音位置，发音方式，归纳各辅音的特征。

2．Howdophoneticsandphonologydifferintheirfocusofstudy?

Phonetics—descriptionofallspeechsoundsandtheirdifferences.

Phonology—descriptionofsoundsystemsofparticularlanguagesandhowsoundsfunctiontodistinguishmeaning.

3.What’saphone?

howisitdifferentfromaphoneme?

howareallophonesrelatedtoaphoneme?

Phone—aspeechsound,aphoneticunit.

Phoneme—acollectionofabstractsoundfeatures,aphonologicalunit.

Allophones—actualrealizationofaphonemeindifferentphoneticcontexts.

4.Whatisaminimalpairandaminimalset?

Whyisitimportanttoidentifytheminimalsetinalanguage?

为什么区分最小对立组在一种语言中非常重要?

Minimalpair—twosoundcombinationsidenticalineverywayexceptinonesoundelementthatoccursinthesameposition.

除了出现在同一位置的一个语音成分不同外,其他部分都一样的两个语音组合.

Minimalset—agroupofsoundcombinationswiththeabovefeature.

一组具有上述特征的语音组合.

Byidentifyingtheminimalpairortheminimalsetofalanguage,aphilologistcanidentifyitsphonemes.

通过分析一种语言的最小对立对或最小对立组,音位学家能辨别出它的音位.

5.Explainwithexampleshowbroadtranscriptionandnarrowonetranscriptiondiffer?

Broadtranscription—onelettersymbolforonesound.

Narrowtranscription—diacriticsareaddedtotheone-lettersymbolstoshowthefinerdifferencesbetweensounds.

ChapterThreeMorphology

一、定义

1.词素Morpheme

Thebasicunitinthestudyofmorphologyandthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.

2.自由词素FreeMorpheme

Freemorphem