考研英语一真题及答案.docx
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考研英语一真题及答案.docx
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考研英语一真题及答案
____年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
SectionIUseofEnglish
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumbered
blankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points).
In1924America'sNationalResearchCouncilsenttwoengineerstosupervisea
seriesofindustrialexperimentsatalargetelephone-partsfactorycalledthe
HawthornePlantnearChicago.Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowstop-floor
lighting____1____workers'productivity.Instead,thestudiesended____2____
givingtheirnametotheHawthorneeffect,theextremelyinfluentialideathatthe
verytobeingexperimenteduponchangedsubjects'behavior.
Theideaarosebecauseofthe____4____behaviorofthewomeninthe
Hawthorneplant.Accordingto____5____oftheexperiments,theirhourlyoutput
rosewhenlightingwasincreased,butalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot____6____
whatwasdoneintheexperiment;____7____somethingwaschanged,productivity
rose.A(n)____8____thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe
____9____toalterworkers'behavior____10____itself.
Afterseveraldecades,thesamedatawere____11____toeconometricthe
analysis.Hawthorneexperimentshasanothersurprisestore____12____the
descriptionsonrecord,nosystematic____13____wasfoundthatlevelsof
productivitywererelatedtochangesinlighting.
1.[A]affected[B]achieved[C]extracted[D]restored
[B]up[D]off[C]with2.[A]at
3.[A]truth[B]sight[D]proof[C]act
4.[A]controversial[B]perplexing[C]mischievous[D]ambiguous
[D]assessments
5.[A]requirements[B]explanations[C]accounts
6.[A]conclude[B]matter
[C]indicate
[D]work
[D]solongas
[B]forfearthat[C]incasethat
7.[A]asfaras
1/12
8.[A]awareness[B]expectation[C]sentiment[D]illusion
[D]abundant9.[A]suitable[B]excessive[C]enough
[D]by
10.[A]about[C]on[B]for
[A]contraryto12.[B]consistentwith[C]parallelwith[D]peculiarto
[C]implication[B]guidance[D]source
[A]evidence13.
[D]misleading
[B]enlightening[A]disputable[C]reliable14.
[B]Forexample[D]Asusual
15.[A]Incontrast[C]Inconsequence
[B]accidentally16.[C]unpredictably[D]suddenly
[A]duly
[D]continued
[A]failed17.[B]ceased
[C]started
[A]breaking[B]climbing20.
[C]surpassing[D]hitting
SectionIIReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtext
bychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)
Text1
OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduring
thepastquarter-century,perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorable
declineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.
Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageof
fortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsof
criticismpublishedinthe20thcenturyconsistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.
Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheirlearnedcontentswere
oncedeemedsuitableforpublicationingeneral-circulationdailies.
2/12
Weareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperreviewspublished
inEnglandbetweentheturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWarII,ata
timewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredan
ornamenttothepublicationsinwhichitappeared.Inthosefar-offdays,itwastaken
forgrantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabout
theeventstheycovered.Theirswasaseriousbusiness,andeventhosereviewers
whoworetheirlearninglightly,likeGeorgeBernardShawandErnestNewman,could
betrustedtoknowwhattheywereabout.Thesemenbelievedinjournalismasa
calling,andwereproudtobepublishedinthedailypress.“Sofewauthorshave
brainsenoughorliterarygiftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournalism,”
Newmanwrote,“thatIamtemptedtodefine‘journalism'as‘atermofcontempt
appliedbywriterswhoarenotreadtowriterswhoare.'”
Unfortunately,thesecriticsarevirtuallyforgotten.NevilleCardus,whowrotefor
theManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975,isnow
knownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricket.Duringhislifetime,though,
hewasalsooneofEngland'sforemostclassical-musiccritics,astylistsowidely
admiredthathisAutobiography(1947)becameabest-seller.Hewasknightedin
1967,thefirstmusiccritictobesohonored.Yetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowinprint,
andhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetospecialists.
IsthereanychancethatCardus'scriticismwillenjoyarevival?
Theprospect
seemsremote.Journalistictasteshadchangedlongbeforehisdeath,and
postmodernreadershavelittleusefortherichlyupholsteredVicwardianprosein
whichhespecialized.Moreover,theamateurtraditioninmusiccriticismhasbeenin
headlongretreat.
21.
ItisindicatedinParagraphs1and2that
[A]artscriticismhasdisappearedfrombig-citynewspapers.
[B]English-languagenewspapersusedtocarrymoreartsreviews.
[C]high-qualitynewspapersretainalargebodyofreaders.
[D]youngreadersdoubtthesuitabilityofcriticismondailies.
3/12
22.NewspaperreviewsinEnglandbeforeWorldWarIIwerecharacterizedby
[A]freethemes.[B]casualstyle.[C]elaboratelayout.[D]radical
viewpoints.
23.WhichofthefollowingwouldShawandNewmanmostprobablyagree
on?
[A]Itiswriters'dutytofulfilljournalisticgoals
[B]Itiscontemptibleforwriterstobejournalists.
[C]Writersarelikelytobetemptedintojournalism.
[D]Notallwritersarecapableofjournalisticwriting.
WhatcanbelearnedaboutCardusaccordingtothelasttwoparagraphs?
24.
[A]Hismusiccriticismmaynotappealtoreaderstoday.
[B]Hisreputationasamusiccritichaslongbeenindispute.
[C]Hisstylecaterslargelytomodernspecialists.
[D]Hiswritingsfailtofollowtheamateurtradition.
25.
Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?
[A]NewspapersoftheGoodOldDays[B]TheLostHorizoninNewspapers
[C]MournfulDeclineofJournalism[D]ProminentCriticsinMemory
Text2
TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskinthe
energymarket.TheFederalcircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecase
wouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourt'sjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree,
andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshould
econsideritsstate
streetBankruling.
26.
Business-methodpatentshaverecentlyarousedconcernbecauseof
4/12
[A]theirlimitedvaluetobusiness[B]theirconnectionwithasset
allocation
[C]thepossiblerestrictionontheirgranting[D]thecontroversyover
authorization
27.
WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheBilskicase?
[B]Itinvolvesaverybigbusinesstransaction
[C]IthasbeendismissedbytheFederalCircuit
[D]ItmaychangethelegalpracticesintheU.S.
28.
Thewordabout-face(Line1,Para3)mostprobablymeans
[A]lossofgoodwill[B]increaseofhostility
[C]changeofattitude[D]enhancementofdignity
29.
Welearnfromthelasttwoparagraphsthatbusiness-methodpatents
[A]areimmunetolegalchallenges[B]areoftenunnecessarilyissued
[C]lowertheesteemforpatentholders[D]increasetheincidenceofrisks
30.
Whichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectofthetext?
[A]Aloomingthreattobusiness-methodpatents
[B]Protectionforbusiness-methodpatentholders
[C]Alegalcaseregardingbusiness-methodpatents
[D]Aprevailingtrendagainstbusiness-methodpatents
Text3
Theresearchers'argumentstemsfromasimpleobservingaboutsocial
influence,withtheexceptionofafewcelebritieslikeOprahWinfrey—whoseoutsize
presenceisprimarilyafunctionofmedia,notinterpersonal,influence—eventhe
5/12
mostinfluentialmembersofapopulationsimplydon'tinteractwiththatmany
others.Yetitispreciselythesenon-celebrityinfluentialswho,accordingtothetwo-step-flowtheory,aresupposedtodrivesocialepidemicsbyinfluencingtheirfriends
andcolleaguesdirectly.Forasocialepidemictooccur,however,eachpersonso
affected,musttheninfluencehisorherownacquaintances,whomustinturn
influencetheirs,andsoon;andjusthowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachofthese
peoplehaslittletodowiththeinitialinfluential.Ifpeopleinthenetworkjusttwo
degreesremovedfromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,forexamplefromthe
initialinfluentialproveresistant,forexamplethecascadeofchangewon'tpropagate
veryfaroraffectmanypeople.
Buildingonthebasictruthaboutinterpersonalinfluence,theresearchers
studiedthedynamicsofpopulationsmanipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingof
populations,manipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingtopeople'sabilityto
influenceothersandtheirtendencytobeinfluenced.Ourworkshowsthatthe
牰湩楣慰?
敲畱物浥湥?
潦?
桷瑡眠?
慣汬尠汧扯污挠獡慣敤屳–thewidespread
propagationofinfluencethroughnetworks–isthepresencenotofafewinfluentials
but,rather,ofacriticalmassofeasilyinfluencedpeople,eachofwhomadopts,say,a
lookorabrandafterbeingexposedtoasingleadoptingneighbor.Regardlessofhow
influentialanindividualislocally,heorshecanexertglobalinfluenceonlyifthis
criticalmassisavailabletopropagateachainreaction.
31.
Bycitingthe
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