研究生英语写作技巧总结全.docx
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研究生英语写作技巧总结全.docx
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研究生英语写作技巧总结全
研究生英语写作技巧总结(全)
1.LearningtoWritetheTopicandtheThesis
First,we’lldecideatopic.Andthenwe’llwritethethesisaboutthetopic
Howdowechooseasuitabletopicandwriteagoodthesis?
1)Choosingasuitableandlimitedtopic
Let’smakeacomparisonofthefollowingtopics
MarriageHoneymoon
FamilyMyoldersister
ChildrenDisciplineofchildren
SportsPlayers’salaries
WorkWorkingasadishwasher
2)Writingagoodthesis
Whatisagoodthesis?
(P190)
Thesisstatements:
Ahoneymoonisperhapstheworstwaytobeginamarriage.
Myoldersisterhelpedmeovercomemyshyness.
MyhusbandandIhaveseveraleffectivewaysofdiscipliningmychildren.
Players’highsalariesarebadforthegame,forthefans,andforthevaluesourchildrenaredeveloping.
Workingasadishwasherinarestaurantwasmyworstjob.
3)Sometipsonwritingagoodthesis:
(1)Donotwriteannouncements:
×Thesubjectofthispaperwillbemyparents.
×Iwanttotalkaboutthecrimewaveinourcountry.
×The“babyboom”generationistheconcernofthisessay.
√Theparentseachstruggledwithpersonaldemons.
√Therecentcrimewaveinourcityhasseveralapparentcauses.
√The“babyboom”generationhaschangedAmericansocietyinkeyways.
(2)Avoidthestatementsthataretoobroad
×Diseasehasshapedhumanhistory.
×Insectsarefascinatingcreatures.
×Menandwomenareverydifferent.
√Inthemid-1980s,AIDSchangedpeople’sattitudesaboutdating.
√Strength,organization,andcommunicationmakeantsoneofnature’smostsuccessfulinsects.
√Menandwomenareoftentreatedverydifferentlyintheworkplace.
(3)Makesurethesisstatementsdeveloponlyoneidea
×Oneofthemostseriousproblemaffectingyoungpeopletodayisbullying(恃强欺弱)anditistimemorekidslearnedthevalueofhelpingothers.
×Studyingwithothershasseveralbenefits,butitalsohasdrawbacksandcanbedifficulttoschedule.
2.Makinganoutline
Thestepsofmakinganoutline
1)Makeathesisstatement
2)Findthemajorsupportingpointsforthethesis.
3)Providesupportingdetailsforeachmajorsupportingpoint.
Example:
Thesis:
Workingasadishwasherinarestaurantwasmyworstjobbecauseofthebadworkingconditions,longandchangeableworkinghours,andlowpay.
a.Workingconditions
(1)Heatinkitchen
(2)Noisyworkarea
b.Workinghours
(1)Ten-hourshifts
(2)Hourschangedeveryweek
c.Pay
(1)Nobonusforovertime
(2)Minimumwage
3.Learningtowriteaplanofdevelopment
Aplanofdevelopmentistheonethatgivesthemajorpointsthatwillbedevelopedinsupportingparagraphs.
Example1:
WhileIlovemoviesasmuchasever,theinconvenienceofgoingout,thetemptationsofthetheater,andthebehaviorofsomepatronsarereasonsformetowaitandrentthevideo.
Example2:
TheUnitedStates,however,isn’tsuchahealthyplaceforolderpeople.SinceIretiredfrommyjob,I’vehadtocopewiththephysical,mental,andemotionalstressesofbeingold.
4.Writinganopeningparagraph
Anopeningparagraphusuallyconsistsoftwoparts:
openingpartandthesisstatements.
1)Functionsofanopeningparagraph:
Attractreaders’interest.
Presentyourthesis.
2)Fiveusefulwaystowriteanopeningparagraph
(1)Beginwithabroad,generalstatementofyourtopicandnarrowitdowntoyourthesisstatement.(fromabroadtopictoyourthesis)
(2)Useanincidentorabriefstory.(fromabriefstorytoyourthesis)
(3)Startwithanideaorasituationthatistheoppositeoftheoneyouwilldevelop.(fromanoppositeideaorsituationtoyourthesis)
(4)Askoneormorequestions(fromaquestion(s)toyourthesis)
(5)Useaquotation(fromaquotationtoyourthesis)
5.Writingsupportingparagraphs
1)Threebasesforwritingasupportingparagraph:
(1)Support(adequateandspecific)(论据充分性)
(2)Coherence(连贯性)
(a)Transitionalwords:
Type1:
Additionsignalsareusedtoshowaccumulation.
Type2:
TimeSignalsareusedtoshowsequence.
Type3:
Spacesignalsareusedtoshowlocation.
Type4:
Changeofdirectionsignalsareusedtoshowcontrast.
Type5:
Illustrationsignalsareusedtoshowexamples.
Type6:
Conclusionsignalsareusedtoshowconsequence.
(b)Transitionalsentences
(c)Othercollecting(linking)words:
Repeatedwords
Pronouns
Synonyms(同义词)
Parallelism
(3)Unity(一致性)
支撑段小结:
(a)Makeallofthetopicsentencesinthesupportingparagraphsrelatedtothethesis.(充分性)
(b)Makeallofthemajorsupportingpointsrelatedtothetopicsentencesineachsupportingparagraph.(连贯性)
(c)Makealloftheminorsupportingpointsrelatedtothemajorsupportingpointsineachsupportingparagraph.(一致性)
2)PatternsofOrganization:
(1)Timeorder(chronologicalorder)(按时间顺序排列)
(2)Climacticorder(orderofimportance)(按重要性顺序排列)
(3)Spaceorder(按空间顺序排列)
6.Writinganconcludingparagraph
Foureffectivewayswillbeintroduced
(1)Endwithasummaryandafinalthought.
Restateyourmajorpointsraisedinyourthesis,butdonotrepeatthem.
(2)Endwitharecommendation
(3)Endwithaprediction
(4)Endwithathought-provokingquestionorquestions.
7.SentenceSkills
1)Threetypesoffragments:
TypeA:
1a.*Althoughhehadbeenpreventedbyillnessfromstudying.Hepassedtheexamination.
2a.*Themomentshesawhim.Sheknewhewasherfather.
3a.*Contactsportsarebecomingincreasinglyviolent.Somethingofwhichthepublicseemstoapprove.
TypeB:
5a.*Notknowingthelanguage.Hedidn’tknowhowtoasktheway.
6a.*Beinglowinskillandeducation.Theblackpeople,onthewhole,sufferfrommuchhigherunemploymentrate.
7a.*Inordertoobtainthematerialneededforhismaster’sthesis.Hereadmanyprofoundbooks.
TypeC:
8a.*Shelooksbestinbrightcolors.Likeredandpink.
9a.*Allmyfriendsareinterestedinit.ParticularlyJohnandJack.
10a.*Youcouldneverhavefailedinyourexams.Exceptbyyourowncarelessness.
Correctsentences:
1b.Althoughhehadbeenpreventedbyillnessfromstudying,hepassedtheexamination.
2b.Themomentshesawhim,sheknewhewasherfather.
3b.Contactsportsarebecomingincreasinglyviolent,somethingofwhichthepublicseemstoapprove.
5b.Notknowingthelanguage,hedidn’tknowhowtoasktheway.
6b.Becausetheyarelowinskillandeducation,theblackpeople,onthewhole,sufferfrommuchhigherunemploymentrate.
7b.Inordertoobtainthematerialneededforhismaster’sthesis,hereadmanyprofoundbooks.
8b.Shelooksbestinbrightcolors,likeredandpink.
9b.Allmyfriends,particularlyJohnandJack,areinterestedinit.
10b.Youcouldneverhavefailedinyourexamsexceptbyyourowncarelessness.
2)Run-onsentences(乱加从句的冗长句子)
Arun-onsentenceisastringofwordswithtwosubordinateclausesthatareruntogetherwithoutproperpunctuation.
11a.*Iwanttohaveawordwithyourmanagerthereissomethingthatmattersverymuchtofuturebusiness.
12a.*Thedangerofanotherearthquakestillexistswemustgetprepared.
14a.*I’vethoughtsometimesthatanincompetentteacherisworsethananincompetentsurgeon,asurgeoncancutuponlyonepersonatatime.
Correctsentences:
11b.Iwanttohaveawordwithyourmanager.Thereissomethingthatmattersverymuchtofuturebusiness.
12b.Thedangerofanotherearthquakestillexists,andwemustgetprepared.
14b.I’vethoughtsometimesthatanincompetentteacherisworsethananincompetentsurgeon,sinceasurgeoncancutuponlyonepersonatatime.
3)Danglingmodifiers(垂悬结构)
40a.*Carryingaheavypileofbooks,herfootcaughtonthestep.
41a.*Togetupearly,theclockwassetatsix.
42a.*Attheageoffive,mydadtaughtmeaboutcars.
43a.*Toimprovehisresult,theexperimentwasdoneagain.
41b.Togetupearly,Isettheclockatsix.
42b.WhenIwasfive,mydadtaughtmeaboutcars.
43b.Heimprovedhisresultbydoingtheexperimentagain.
Butsomesetphrasesandabsoluteconstructionsarenotdanglingmodifiers.
44.Tobefrank,Idonotthinkheistherightmanforthejob.
45.Generallyspeaking,atthisage,girlsaremorematurethanboys.
46.Themajorityapprovingoftheproject,hehadtogivein.
4)UnbalancedParallelism(不平衡的并行关系)
50a.*Itookabath,sleeping,andwakinguprefreshed.
51a.*Thekeystoimprovinggradesaretotakeeffectivenotesinclass,toplanstudytime,andpreparingcarefullyforexams.
52a.*Inmanyways,startingcollegeatfortyisharderthantostartateighteen.
Correctsentences:
50b.Itookabath,wenttosleep,andwokeuprefreshed.
51b.Thekeystoimprovinggradesaretotakeeffectivenotesinclass,toplanstudytime,andtopreparecarefullyforexams.
52b.Inmanyways,startingcollegeatfortyisharderthanstartingateighteen.
5)Mixedconstruction
53a.*Themostvaluedtraitinanemployeeisapersonwhoisloyal.
54a.*Indigestioniswhenyoucannotdigestfood.
55a.*BytakingaNo.70busisonewaytogettoouruniversity.
56a.*ThereasonIenjoyhorsebackridingisbecauseitprovidesoutdoorexercise.
57a.*TherearemanypeoplemovetoUSA.
Correctsentences:
53b.Themostvaluedtraitinanemployeeisloyalty.
54b.Indigestionistheinabilitytodigestfood.
55b.YoucangettoouruniversitybytakingaNo.70bus.
56b.Ienjoyhorsebackridingbecauseitprovidesoutdoorexercise.
57b.TherearemanypeoplewhomovetoUSA.
8.Patternsofessaydevelopment
1)Comparisonandcontrast
(1)Onesideatatime(subjectbysubject)
These:
GoingtoChaletismoredifficultthangoingtoMcDonald’s
1.Chalet
a.Dresscode
b.Advancereservations
c.Leaveanhourearly
d.Findparkingspace
2.McDonald’s
a.Casualdress
b.Noreservations
c.Leave
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