概括大意和完形文章.docx
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概括大意和完形文章.docx
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概括大意和完形文章
USSignsGlobalTobaccoTreaty
1 TheUnitedStateshastakenthefirststeptowardapprovingaglobaltobaccotreatythatpromisestohelpcontrolthedeadlyeffectsoftobaccousethroughouttheworld.HealthandHumanServicesSecretaryTommyThompsonsignedtheFrameworkConventiononTobaccoControl(FCTC)thisweekattheUnitedNations.TheSenatemuststillapprovethetreatybeforetheUScanimplementitsprovisions.
2 TheFCTCwasdevelopedbytheWorldHealthOrganizationandapprovedbymembersoftheWorldHealthAssembly,includingtheUnitedStates,lastyear.Countriesthatratifyitwouldberequiredtoenactstricttobaccocontrolpolicies.
3 Forinstance,cigarettessoldinthosecountrieswouldhavetohavehealthwarningsonatleast30%ofthefrontandbackofeverypack.Thetreatycallsforhighertobaccotaxes,restrictionsonsmokinginpublicplaces,andmorepromotionoftobaccopreventionandcessationprograms.Italsorequiresbansontobaccoadvertising,thoughtherearesomeexceptionsforcountriesliketheUnitedStates,wheretheConstitutionprohibitssuchanoutrightban.
4 Theimpactofthetreatycouldbehuge.TheWorldHealthOrganizationestimatesthattobaccousekillsnearly5millionpeopleworldwideeveryyear.IntheUSalone,about440,000peopledieeachyearfromtobacco-relatedillnesses;aboutone-thirdofallcancersintheUSarecausedbytobaccouse.Ifcurrenttrendscontinue,WHOestimates,by2025tobaccowillkill10millionpeopleeachyear.
5 Thetreatymustberatifiedbyatleast40countriesbeforeitcantakeeffect.Sofar,109countrieshavesignedit,and12haveratifiedit.
A WhattheFCTCDemands
B USSigningoftheFCTC
C OppositiontotheFCTC
D HowtheFCTCCameintoBeing
E WhattheFCTCWillBringabout
F RatificationoftheFCTC
练习:
1.Paragraph1__B____
2.Paragraph2___D___
3.Paragraph3___A__
4.Paragraph4__E___
5. SigningtheFCTCisonlythefirststeptoward____B______.
6. CountriesthatratifytheFCTCwillhaveto,amongotherthings,___D_______.
7. ItishopedthattheFCTCwillgreatlyhelptoreducedeaths______E____.
8. MuchmorecountrieshavesignedtheFCTCthanthosethat_____A_____.
A haveratifiedit
B approvingit
C implementitsprovisions
D restrictsmokinginpublicplaces
E causedbytobaccouse
F includinghighertobaccotaxes
MoreThan8HoursSleepTooMuchofaGoodThing
1 Althoughthedangersoftoolittlesleeparewidelyknown,newresearchsuggeststhatpeoplewhosleeptoomuchmayalsosuffertheconsequences.
2 InvestigatorsattheUniversityofCaliforniainSanDiegofoundthatpeoplewhoclockup1 9or10hourseachweeknightappeartohavemoretroublefallingandstayingasleep,aswellasanumberofothersleepproblems,thanpeoplewhosleep8hoursanight Peoplewhosleptonly7hourseachnightalsosaidtheyhadmoretroublefallingasleepandfeelingrefreshedafteranight’ssleepthan8-hoursleepers.2
3 Thesefindings,whichDr DanielKripkereportedinthejournalPsychosomaticMedicine3,demonstratethatpeoplewhowanttogetagoodnight’srestmaynotneedtosetaside4 morethan8hoursanight Headdedthat“itmightbeagoodidea”forpeoplewhosleepmorethan8hourseachnighttoconsiderreducingtheamountoftimetheyspendinbed,butcautionedthatmoreresearchisneededtoconfirmthis.
4 Previousstudieshaveshownthepotentialdangersofchronicshortagesofsleep—forinstance,onereportdemonstratedthatpeoplewhohabituallysleeplessthan7hourseachnighthaveahigherriskofdyingwithinafixedperiodthanpeoplewhosleepmore.
5 Forthecurrentreport,Kripkereviewedtheresponsesof1,004adultstosleepquestionnaires,inwhichparticipantsindicatedhowmuchtheysleptduringtheweekandwhethertheyexperiencedanysleepproblems Sleepproblemsincludedwakinginthemiddleofthenight,arisingearlyinthemorningandbeingunabletofallbacktosleep,andhavingfatigueinterferewithday-to-dayfunctioning5.
6 Kripkefoundthatpeoplewhosleptbetween9and10hourseachnightweremorelikelytoreportexperiencingeachsleepproblemthanpeoplewhoslept8hours Inaninterview,Kripkenotedthatlongsleepersmaystruggletogetrestatnightsimplybecausetheyspendtoomuchtimeinbed Asevidence,headdedthatonewaytohelpinsomniaistospendlesstimeinbed “Itstandstoreason6 thatifapersonspendstoolongatimeinbed,thenthey’llspendahigherpercentageoftimeawake,”hesaid.
A Kripke’sResearchTool
B DangersofHabitualShortagesofSleep
C CriticismonKripke’sReport
D AWayofOvercomingInsomnia
E SleepProblemofLongandShortSleepers
F ClassificationofSleepProblems
练习:
1.Paragraph2__E______
2.Paragraph4____B____
3.Paragraph5____A____
4.Paragraph6_____D___
5.Togetagoodnight’srest,peoplemaynotneedto___F_____.
6.Longsleepersarereportedtobemorelikelyto____E____.
7.Oneofthesleepproblemsiswakinginthemiddleofthenight,unableto___A_____.
8.Onesurveyshowedthatpeoplewhohabitually____C____eachnighthaveahigherriskofdying.
A fallasleepagain
B becomemoreenergeticthefollowingday
C sleeplessthan7hours
D confirmthoseseriousconsequences
E suffersleepproblems
F sleepmorethan8hours
WashoeLearnedAmericanSignLanguage
1. Ananimalthatinfluencedscientificthoughthasdied.AchimpanzeenamedWashoeandborninAfricadiedofnaturalcauseslatelastmonthattheageof42ataresearchcenterintheAmericanstateofWashington.Washoehadbecomeknowninthescientificcommunity1 andaroundtheworldforherabilitytouseAmericanSignLanguage2.Shewassaidtobethefirstnon-humantolearnahumanlanguage.Herskillsalsoledtodebate3 aboutprimatesandtheirabilitytounderstandlanguage.
2. ResearchscientistsAllenandBeatrixGardnerbeganteachingWashoesignlanguagein1966.In1969,theGardenersdescribedWashoe'sprogressinascientificreport.ThepeoplewhoexperimentedwithWashoesaidshegrewtounderstand4 about250words.Forexample,Washoemadesignstocommunicatewhenitwastimetoeat.Shecouldrequestfoodslikeapplesandbananas.Shealsoaskedquestionslike,"Whoiscomingtoplay?
"Once5 thenewsaboutWashoespread,manylanguagescientistsbeganstudiesoftheirown6 intothisnewandexcitingareaofresearch.Thewholedirectionofprimateresearchchanged.
3. However,criticsarguedWashoeonlylearnedtorepeatsignlanguagemovementsfromwatchingherteachers.Theysaidshehadneverdevelopedtruelanguageskills.Evennow,therearesomeresearcherswhosuggestthatprimateslearnsignlanguageonlybymemory,andperformthesignsonlyforprizes.YetWashoe'skeepersdisagree.RogerFoutsisaformerstudentoftheGardeners7.HetookWashoetoaresearchcenterinEllensburg,Washington.There,Washoetaughtsignlanguagetothreeyoungerchimpanzees,whicharestillalive.
4. ScientistslikeprivateresearcherJaneGoodallbelieve8 Washoeprovidednewinformationaboutthementalworkingsofchimpanzees.Today,therearenotasmanyscientistsstudyinglanguageskillswithchimps.Partofthereasonisthatthiskindofresearchtakesaverylongtime.
5. Debatecontinuesaboutchimps'understandingofhumancommunication.Yet,onethingissure—Washoechangedpopularideasaboutthepossibilitiesofanimalintelligence.
练习:
A ReasonWhyNotManyScientistsCarryoutThisResearchNowadays
B ReportaboutWashoe’sProgressinLearningSignLanguage
C GeneralInformationaboutWashoe
D TheGardeners’ContributionsRecognized
E DebateonChimps’Intelligence
F Washoe’sLoveforThreeYoungChimps
1. Paragraph1__C___
2. Paragraph2__B___
3. Paragraph3__E___
4. Paragraph4__A___
5. Washoecouldmakesignstocommunicate___C______.
6. Somescientistsdoubted____A_____.
7. Washoetaughtthreeyoungerchimpssignlanguage____D_____.
8. TheexperimentersthoughtWashoewasintelligent_____E____.
A iftheGardeners’argumentwassound
B becauseshewasclevererthanotherchimps
C whenshewantedtoeat
D whileshewasataresearchcenterinEllensburg
E becauseshecouldusesignlanguagetoaskforfruits
F whileWashoewaslearningsignlanguage
OptimistsReallyDoLiveLonger,SayScientists
1.ForthephilosopherArthurSchopenhaueroptimismwasfundamentallywrong,banalandcorrupting,whilethefatherofpsychoanalysisSigmundFrendsimplydeclaredittobeneurotic.
2.Experienceshowsthatlookingonthebrightsideoflifedoeshaveadvantagesandrecentscientificevidencepointstothepositivemindsetasbeingbeneficialtohealth.Inotherwordsoptimistslivelonger.
3.ThatwastheconclusionreachedbyexpertsattheMayoClinicintheU.S.StateofMinnesotawhoevaluatedanswersgivenbypeopletoasetofquestionsinthe1960s.Ofthe729candidates,200haddiedandaccordingtoscientists,therewereadisproportionatenumberofpessimistsamongthem.
4.Tenpointsmoreonthepessimismscale―thatwasthedifferencebetween“slightlypessimistic”and“averagelypessimistic”―wereenoughtoboostaperson’schancesofdyingby19percent,accordingtothestudybyprominentpsychologistMartinSeligmanoftheUniversityofPennsylvania.
5.ThestudydoesnotsaywhypessimistsdiebutanoldersurveytakenamongchildreninSanFranciscoandLosAngelesmakesitclearthatpersonalattitudetowardstheworldisakeyfactorinthelongevityequation.
6.ThelatestevidencetosupportthetheorythatoptimiststendtocopebetterwithillnessofallkindshasbeenprovidedbyPr
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