On Practice On the Relation Between Knowledge and Practice.docx
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On Practice On the Relation Between Knowledge and Practice.docx
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OnPracticeOntheRelationBetweenKnowledgeandPractice
OnPracticeOntheRelationBetweenKnowledgeandPractice,BetweenKnowingandDoingMaoZedongJuly1937
ScannedfromFourEssaysonPhilosophy.1968ForeignLanguagesPressEdition.
BeforeMarx,materialismexaminedtheproblemofknowledgeapartfromthesocialnatureofmanandapartfromhishistoricaldevelopment,andwasthereforeincapableofunderstandingthedependenceofknowledgeonsocialpractice,thatis,thedependenceofknowledgeonproductionandtheclassstruggle.
Aboveall,Marxistsregardman'sactivityinproductionasthemostfundamentalpracticalactivity,thedeterminantofallhisotheractivitiesMan'sknowledgedependsmainlyonhisactivityinmaterialproduction,throughwhichhecomesgraduallytounderstandthephenomena,thepropertiesandthelawsofnature,andtherelationsbetweenhimselfandnature;andthroughhisactivityinproductionhealsograduallycomestounderstand,invaryingdegrees,certainrelationsthatexistbetweenmanandman.Noneofthisknowledgecanbeacquiredapartfromactivityinproduction.Inaclasslesssocietyeveryperson,asamemberofsociety,joinsincommoneffortwiththeothermembers,entersintodefiniterelationsofproductionwiththemandengagesinproductiontomeetman'smaterialneeds.Inallclasssocieties,themembersofthedifferentsocialclassesalsoenter,indifferentways,intodefiniterelationsofproductionandengageinproductiontomeettheirmaterialneeds.Thisistheprimarysourcefromwhichhumanknowledgedevelops.
Man'ssocialpracticeisnotconfinedtoactivityinproduction,buttakesmanyotherforms-classstruggle,politicallife,scientificandartisticpursuits;inshort,asasocialbeing,manparticipatesinallspheresofthepracticallifeofsocietyThusman,invaryingdegrees,comestoknowthedifferentrelationsbetweenmanandman,notonlythroughhismateriallifebutalsothroughhispoliticalandculturallife(bothofwhichareintimatelyboundupwithmateriallife).Oftheseothertypesofsocialpractice,classstruggleinparticular,inallitsvariousforms,exertsaprofoundinfluenceonthedevelopmentofman'sknowledge.Inclasssocietyeveryonelivesasamemberofaparticularclass.andeverykindofthinking,withoutexception,isstampedwiththebrandofaclass.
Marxistsholdthatinhumansocietyactivityinproductiondevelopsstepbystepfromalowertoahigherlevelandthatconsequentlyman'sknowledge,whetherofnatureorofsocietyalsodevelopsstepbystepfromalowertoahigherlevel,thatis,fromtheshallowertothedeeper,fromtheonesidedtothemany-sided.Foraverylongperiodinhistory,menwerenecessarilyconfinedtoaone-sidedunderstandingofthehistoryofsocietybecause,foronething,thebiasoftheexploitingclassesalwaysdistortedhistoryand,foranother,thesmallscaleofproductionlimitedman'soutlook.Itwasnotuntilthemodernproletariatemergedalongwithimmenseforcesofproduction(large-scaleindustry)thatmanwasabletoacquireacomprehensive,historicalunderstandingofthedevelopmentofsocietyandturnthisknowledgeintoascience,thescienceofMarxism.
Marxistsholdthatman'ssocialpracticealoneisthecriterionofthetruthofhisknowledgeoftheexternalworld.Whatactuallyhappensisthatman'sknowledgeisverifiedonlywhenheachievestheanticipatedresultsintheprocessofsocialpractice(materialproduction,classstruggleorscientificexperiment).Ifamanwantstosucceedinhiswork.thatis,toachievetheanticipatedresults,hemustbringhisideasintocorrespondencewiththelawsoftheobjectiveexternalworld;iftheydonotcorrespond,hewillfailinhispractice.Afterhefails,hedrawshislessons,correctshisideastomakethemcorrespondtothelawsoftheexternalworld,andcanthusturnfailureintosuccess;thisiswhatismeantby"failureisthemotherofsuccess"and"afallintothepit,againinyourwit".Thedialectical-materialisttheoryofknowledgeplacespracticeintheprimaryposition,holdingthathumanknowledgecaninnowaybeseparatedfrompracticeandrepudiatingalltheerroneoustheorieswhichdenytheimportanceofpracticeorseparateknowledgefrompractice.ThusLeninsaid,"Practiceishigherthan(theoretical)knowledge,forithasnotonlythedignityofuniversality,butalsoofimmediateactuality."
(1)TheMarxistphilosophyofdialecticalmaterialismhastwooutstandingcharacteristics.Oneisitsclassnature:
itopenlyavowsthatdialecticalmaterialismisintheserviceoftheproletariat.Theotherisitspracticality:
itemphasizesthedependenceoftheoryonpractice,emphasizesthattheoryisbasedonpracticeandinturnservespractice.Thetruthofanyknowledgeortheoryisdeterminednotbysubjectivefeelings,butbyobjectiveresultsinsocialpractice.Onlysocialpracticecanbethecriterionoftruth.Thestandpointofpracticeistheprimaryandbasicstandpointinthedialectical-materialisttheoryofknowledge.
(2)
Buthowthendoeshumanknowledgearisefrompracticeandinturnservepractice?
Thiswillbecomeclearifwelookattheprocessofdevelopmentofknowledge.
Intheprocessofpractice,manatfirstseesonlythephenomenalside,theseparateaspects,theexternalrelationsofthings.Forinstance,somepeoplefromoutsidecometoYenanonatourofobservation.Inthefirstdayortwo,theyseeitstopography,streetsandhouses;theymeetmanypeople,attendbanquets,eveningpartiesandmassmeetings,heartalkofvariouskindsandreadvariousdocuments,allthesebeingthephenomena,theseparateaspectsandtheexternalrelationsofthings.Thisiscalledtheperceptualstageofcognition,namely,thestageofsenseperceptionsandimpressions.Thatis,theseparticularthingsinYenanactonthesenseorgansofthemembersoftheobservationgroup,evokesenseperceptionsandgiveriseintheirbrainstomanyimpressionstogetherwitharoughsketchoftheexternalrelationsamongtheseimpressions:
thisisthefirststageofcognition.Atthisstage,mancannotasyetformconcepts,whicharedeeper,ordrawlogicalconclusions.
Associalpracticecontinues,thingsthatgiverisetoman'ssenseperceptionsandimpressionsinthecourseofhispracticearerepeatedmanytimes;thenasuddenchange(leap)takesplaceinthebrainintheprocessofcognition,andconceptsareformed.Conceptsarenolongerthephenomena,theseparateaspectsandtheexternalrelationsofthings;theygrasptheessence,thetotalityandtheinternalrelationsofthings.Betweenconceptsandsenseperceptionsthereisnotonlyaquantitativebutalsoaqualitativedifference.Proceedingfurther,bymeansofjudgmentandinferenceoneisabletodrawlogicalconclusions.TheexpressioninSanKuoYenYi,(3)"knitthebrowsandastratagemcomestomind",orineverydaylanguage,"letmethinkitover",referstoman'suseofconceptsinthebraintoformjudgmentsandinferences.Thisisthesecondstageofcognition.Whenthemembersoftheobservationgrouphavecollectedvariousdataand,whatismore,have"thoughtthemover",theyareabletoarriveatthejudgmentthat"theCommunistParty'spolicyoftheNationalUnitedFrontAgainstJapanisthorough,sincereandgenuine".Havingmadethisjudgment,theycan,iftheytooaregenuineaboutunitingtosavethenation,goastepfurtheranddrawthefollowingconclusion,"TheNationalUnitedFrontAgainstJapancansucceed."Thisstageofconception,judgmentandinferenceisthemoreimportantstageintheentireprocessofknowingathing;itisthestageofrationalknowledge.Therealtaskofknowingis,throughperception.toarriveatthought,toarrivestepbystepatthecomprehensionoftheinternalcontradictionsofobjectivethings,oftheirlawsandoftheinternalrelationsbetweenoneprocessandanother,thatis,toarriveatlogicalknowledge.Torepeat,logicalknowledgediffersfromperceptualknowledgeinthatperceptualknowledgepertainstotheseparateaspects,thephenomenaandtheexternalrelationsofthings,whereaslogicalknowledgetakesabigstrideforwardtoreachthetotality,theessenceandtheinternalrelationsofthingsanddisclosestheinnercontradictionsinthesurroundingworld.Therefore,logicalknowledgeiscapableofgraspingthedevelopmentofthesurroundingworldinitstotality,intheinternalrelationsofallitsaspects.
Thisdialectical-materialisttheoryoftheprocessofdevelopmentofknowledge,basingitselfonpracticeandproceedingfromtheshallowertothedeeper,wasneverworkedoutbyanybodybeforetheriseofMarxism.Marxistmaterialismsolvedthisproblemcorrectlyforthefirsttime,pointingoutbothmaterialisticallyanddialecticallythedeepeningmovementofcognition,themovementbywhichmaninsocietyprogressesfromperceptualknowledgetologicalknowledgeinhiscomplex,constantlyrecurringpracticeofproductionandclassstruggle.Leninsaid,"Theabstractionofmatter,ofalawofnature,theabstractionofvalue,etc.,inshort,allscientific(correct,serious,notabsurd)abstractionsreflectnaturemoredeeply,trulyandcompletely."(4)"Marxism-Leninismholdsthateachofthetwostagesintheprocessofcognitionhasitsowncharacteristics,withknowledgemanifestingitselfasperceptualatthelowerstageandlogicalatthehigherstage,butthatbotharestagesinanintegratedprocessofcognition.Theperceptualandtherationalarequalitativelydifferentbutarenotdivorcedfromeachother;theyareunifiedonthebasisofpractice.Ourpracticeprovesthatwhatisperceivedcannotatoncebecomprehendedandthatonlywhatiscomprehendedcanbemoredeeplyperceived.Perceptiononlysolve
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