英语阅读专题.docx
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英语阅读专题.docx
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英语阅读专题
Passage81Givingcansaveyourlife
NowonderSantaClausjusttogoonforever.AccordingtonewresearchoutoftheUniversityofMichigan,givingcanactuallyhelpyoulivelonger.
“Ourresultstronglysuggestthatgivingmakesadifferenceintermsofhealth,”sayspsychologist(心理学者)StephanieBrownoftheuniversity’sinstituteforsocialresearch.
Thestudyfoundthatolderpeoplewholendahandtofriends,neighborsorrelatives,evenifitamountstolittlemorethanhelpingoutaroundthehouse,reducetheirriskofdyingbynearly60%comparedtothosewhoneverofferanyhelptoanyoneelse.
ButBrownadmitsshedoesn’thaveatidyanswerforwhygivingofyourselfmightextendyourlifespan.
“Onepossibilityisthathelpingothersproducespositive(积极的)emotions,whichinturnprotectsusagainstthenegativeeffectsofcardiovascular(.心脏血管的)stress,”shesays.Anotherpossibilityisthatgivingjustmakesusfeelgood.RobertCialdini,apsychologistatArizonaStateUniversity,callsit“helper’shigh”.
Itmayalsobethatthesimpleactofgivingstrengthensourrelationshipswithothers,whichmanyregardasonekeytohealthyliving.
Whateverthecause,themessageisprettyclear.GivinghaswhatCialdinicallsanegoisticbenefit.”
1.Whatdoes“it”inboldreferto?
A.helpingB.helperC.ArizonaStateUniversity
D.givingjustmakesusfeelgood
2.Bysaying“evenifitamountstolittlemorethanhelpingoutaroundthehouse,”thewritermeans____________.
A.evenifyoudosomecleaningaroundthehouseforothers
B.eventhoughitisjusthelpingoutaroundthehouse
C.evenifitamountstoonlyafewtimes.
D.Eventhoughyoudon’tlendanhandtoothers
3.Whichofthefollowingisnotmentionedinthepassageasoneofthepossiblecausesofwhygivingcansaveyourlife?
A.Givingproducespositiveemotions.
B.Helpingothersprotectsusagainstthenegativeeffectsofcardiovascularstress.
C.Givingmeansgettinginamannerofspeaking.
D.Givingstrengthensourrelationswithothersandmakesusfeelgood.
Passage82TheoriginofAids
Nothingcomesofnothing,andsoAIDSmustcomefromsomethingand,indeed,somewhere.Apaperjustpublishedinnatureprovideswhatappeartobetheanswerstothesequestions.Thediseasespreadtopeoplefromchimpanzees(黑猩猩)inequatorialAfrica.
Thisresultcomesaslittlesurprise.IthasbeenknownforyearsthatHIV-S(thetypeofhumanimmunodeficiencyviruswhichcausesmostcasesofAIDS)is,ineffect,justanothersimian(猿)immunodeficiency(免疫缺陷)virus(SIV)ofthesortthatinfectmonkeysandapes.ItwasalsoknowntheAIVsmostcloselyresemblingHIV-1arefoundinchimpanzees.(AnotherhumanAIDSvirus,notthatcloselyrelated,andknownasHIV-2,comesfromamonkeycalledthefirstcasesofAIDS,includingonethatdatedbackto1959butwasproperlyanalyzedonlyayearago,camefromAfrica,thestrongpresumption(假定)isthatAfricaiswherethediseasestarted.
ButchimpanzeeSIVsare.Untilnow,onlythreehadbeenidentifiedinlaboratoryanimalsofuncertainprovenance.Thediscoveryofthefourthcase,byateamofresearchersfromAmerica,BritainandFrance,ledbyBeatriceHahnoftheUniversityofAlabamaatBirmingham-togetherwithamoredetailedinvestigationofwhereeachoftheapesinquestioncamefromhasclearedthedetailsup.
ThegeneticmaterialofthefourchimpanzeeSIVssuggeststhatthreeofthem,includingthenewone,arecloselyrelated.ThefourthbelongstoadifferentbranchoftheSIVfamilytree.Andbyanalyzinggenesfromthechimpanzeesthemselves,Dr.HahnandhercolleagueshaveshownthatthethreerelatedSIVscomefromasubspeciesthatlivesmainlyinGabon,CameroonandEquatorialGuinea.Theoutlyingviruswasfoundinasecondsub-speciesthatexistsfurthereast.
ItisprobablynocoincidencethatthepartofAfricawheretherelatedSIVscomefromistheonlyplaceonearthwhereallthreeofthebasictypesofHIV-1—knownasM,NandO--arefound.Fortunatelyfortherestofhumanity,onlytypeMhasspreadfromitshomeland.Theothertwoarestillconfinedlocally.
AnalysisofthepartoftheSIVfamilytreecontainingthethreerelatedSIVsandthethreebasictypesofHIV-1showsthatallsixareclosekin,andthatthethreetypesofHIV-1seemtohavehaddifferentoriginswithinthewesternchimpanzeeSIVgroup.ThatsuggeststheM,NandOstrainseachmadeanindependentleapfromchimptoman.
Otherthansexualcontact,theonlywaytotransmitthesevirusesisviablood.Thebestguess,therefore,isthatAIDShasspreadtomanasaresultofpeoplehuntingchimpanzeesforfood----apractice,oftenbloody,thatcontinuestothisday.
Unfortunately,thishuntingnowrisksexterminatingtheverypopulationthatinfectedhumanityinthefirstplacetofindoutwhychimpanzeesdonotgetillfromHIV-1,Wherepeopledo.Ironic,really.
1.AfricaiswheretheAIDSstartedbecause______
A.ThefirstcasesofAIDScamefromAfrica.
B.HIV-2,notverycloselyrelatedtoSIV,comesfromamonkeyinAfrica.
C.HIV-2,notverycloselyrelatedtoSIV,comesfromamonkeyinAfrica.
D.BothAandB
2.WhichtypeofHIV-1hasspreadfromitshomelandandthreatenedpeople’sheath?
_______
A.N
B.O
C.M
D.BothAandB
3.TheAIDSvirusesaretransmittedby__________
A.sexualcontact
B.viablood
C.bodycontact
D.bothAandB
4.Theparagraphfollowingthepassagemostprobablydiscuss_______
A.ThepreventionofHIVtransmission
B.AIDSindifferentcountries
C.Howthescientistsmakeresearchonchimpanzees
D.HowDIDStransmittheseyears
Passage83Livingalonglife
IntheCaucasusregionofRussia,nearly50outofevery100,000peoplelivetocelebratetheir100thbirthday,andmanydon’tstopat100!
Bycomparison,inAmericaonly3peoplein100,000reach100.ButtheseRussianoldpeoplearen’talone.ThePakistanis,wholivehighintheHimalayaMountains,andtheEcuadoransoftheAndesMountainsseemtosharethesecretoflonglife,too.
Thesepeopleremainhealthyinbodyandspiritdespitethepassageoftime.Whilemanyolderpersonsinindustrialsocietiesbecomeweakandillintheir60sand70s,someCaucasiansaged100to140,workinthefieldsbesidetheirgreat-great-grandchildren.Eventheideaofagingisforeigntothem.Whenasked“atwhatagedoesyouthend?
”mostoftheseoldpeoplehadnoanswer.Severalreplied,“Well,perhapsatage80.”
Whataccountsforthisabilitytosurvivetosucholdage,andtosurvivesowell?
Firstofall,hardphysicalworkisawayoflifeforalloftheselong-livedpeople.Theybegintheirlongdaysofphysicallaboraschildrenandneverseemtostop.Forexample,Mr.RustamMamedovis142yearsofage.Hiswifeis116yearsold.Theyhavebeenmarriedfor90years.Mr.Mamedovhasnointentionofretiringfromhislifeasafarmer.“Why?
WhatelsewouldIdo?
”heasks.
Allthesepeoplegethealthfulrewardsfromtheenvironmentinwhichtheywork.Theyallcomefrommountainousregions.Theyliveandworkatelevationsof1,660to1,000metersabovesealevel.Theairhaslessoxygenandispollution-free.Thisreduced-oxygenenvironmentmakestheheartandbloodvesselsystemstronger.
Anotherfactorthatmaycontributetothegoodhealthofthesepeopleistheirisolation.Toagreatextent.Theyareseparatedfromthepressuresandworriesofindustrialsociety.
Inheritedfactorsalsoplaysomerole.Mostofthelongest-livedpeoplehadparentsandgrandparentswhoalsoreachedveryoldages.Goodfamilygenesmay,therefore,beonefactorinlivinglonger.
Itisclearthatisolationfromurbanpressuresandpollution,cleanmountainair,dailyhardword,moderatediets,goodgenes,andayouthfulapproachtolifeallcontributetothehealthandlonglifeofallthesepeople.
1.IntheCausasusregionofRussian,howmanypeoplecanreach100in100,000?
______
A.50
B.3
C.100
D.100,000
2.SomeCaucasiansaged100to140___________-
A.becomeweak
B.becomeill
C.becomeold
D.workinthefields
3.Whatisthewayoflifeforalloftheselong-livedpeople?
____-
A.Retiringfromtheirlivesasfarmers
B.Havingbeenmarriedfor90years
C.Nointentions
D.Hardphysicalwork
4.Atelevationsof1,220to1,000metersabovesealevel,theair______
A.haslessoxygen
B.ispollution
C.ispollution-free
D.bothAandC
5.Whatcontributetothehealthandlonglifeofallthesepeople?
_______-
A.Cleanmountainair
B.Dailyhardwork
C.Goodgenes
D.Allofabove
Passage84Companionshipofbooks
Amanmayusuallybeknownbythebookshereadsaswellasbythecompanyhekeeps;forthereisacompanionshipofbooksaswellasofmen;andoneshouldalwaysliveinthebestcompany,whetheritbeofbooksorofmen.
Agoodbookmaybeamongthebestoffriends.Itisthesametodaythatitalwayswas,anditwillneverchange.Itisthemostpatientandcheerfulofcompanions.Itdoesnotturnitsbackuponusintimesofadversityordistress.Italwaysreceivesuswiththesamekindness,amusingandinstructingusinyouth,andcomfortingandconsolingusinage.
Bookspossessanessenceofimmortality.Theyarebyfarthemostlastingproductsofhumaneffort.Templesandstatuesdecay,butbookssurvive.Timeisofnoaccountwithgreatthoughts,whichareasfreshtodayaswhentheyfirstpassedthroughtheirauthor’smindsagesago.Whatwasthensaidandthoughtstillspeakstousasvividlyaseverfromtheprintedpage.Theonlyeffectoftimehasbeentosiftoutthebadproducts;fornothinginliteraturecanlongsurvivebutwhatisreallygood.
Booksintroduceusintothebestsociety;theybringusintothepresenceofthegreatestmindsthathaveeverlived.Wehearwhattheysaida
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