Ben Browne paper.docx
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Ben Browne paper.docx
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BenBrownepaper
YORK-ANTWERPRULES
AND
PLACESOFREFUGE
FOLLOWINGTHECMICONFERENCE2004
1.Introduction
ItmightbethoughtthatPlacesofRefugeandtheYork-AntwerpRulesareastrangecombinationoftopicstobelumpedtogetherinonetalk.HoweverIhavebeenaskedtospeaktoyouaboutthemtogetherbecausetheInternationalUnionofMarineInsurerstakesanactiveinterestinbothissuesandIhaveadvisedIUMIandalltheLondonmarketonAdmiraltymattersinrelationtoboth.InparticularIrepresentedIUMIattheComitéMaritimeInternational(“CMI”)ConferenceinVancouverinJune2004inthedebatesonbothissues.
York-AntwerpRules
2.ThepurposeoftheYork-AntwerpRulesistoreapportionexpensesandsacrificesmadebythepartiestoacommonmaritimeadventurewhenfacedwithacommonperil.Inthiswaysuchliabilitiesareborneinproportiontothevaluesofshipandcargoattheendofthevoyage.Since1924theCMIhasbeenthecustodianoftheYork-AntwerpRules.
3.TheideaofGeneralAverageisencapsulatedinsection66oftheMarineInsuranceAct1906whichstates:
“1.AGeneralAveragelossisalosscausedbyordirectlyconsequentialonaGeneralAverageact.ItincludesaGeneralAverageexpenditureaswellasaGeneralAveragesacrifice.
2.ThereisaGeneralAverageactwhereanyextraordinarysacrificeorexpenditureisvoluntarilyandreasonablymadeorincurredintimeofperilforthepurposeofpreservingthepropertyimperilledinthecommonadventure”.
4.ThedoctrineofGeneralAveragetracesitsoriginsbacktothedaysoftheRomanRepublicbutinpracticewascomparativelyseldomemployeduntilthe19thcenturysawadramaticincreaseinitsuse.ThisincreasewaspartlyduetoburgeoningworldwidetradeandpartlytotheexpansioninthescopeofallowancespermittedinGeneralAveragebroughtabout,amongstotherthings,bytheYork-AntwerpRules,thefirstversionofwhichwaspromulgatedin1860(TheGlasgowResolutions).
5.MarinepropertyunderwritershavebeenconcernedaboutthegrowingscopeoftheYork-AntwerpRuleseversincethe19thcentury.Intheearly1990sduringtherunuptotheCMIConferenceinSydneywhichadoptedtheYork-AntwerpRules1994,aresurgenceofthisuneaseoccurred.AmonthbeforetheSydneyConferenceMatthewMarshall(TechnicalDirector,InstituteofLondonUnderwriters)producedresearchintoabout1,700GeneralAverageAdjustments(whichhassincebeenupdated).Marshall’sworkprovidedastatisticalbasisfortheunderwriters’concerns.Hisresearchshowedinteralia:
(a)G.A.istooexpensive–theannualcostofGeneralAverageclaimstoinsurersisapproximatelyUS$300million.10%($30million)ismadeupofadjusters’feesandafurther12%iscomprisedofinterestandcommission.
(b)G.A.takestoolongtofinalise–theadjustmentofclaimsisatimeconsumingandlengthyprocess.AlthoughtwothirdsofadjustmentsarepublishedinthefirsttwoyearsafterthecasualtytheseonlyaccountforonethirdofthemoneyapportionedinG.A.Evenaftersixyearsonly90%ofadjustmentsarepublished.
(c)G.A.isinequitable–80%ofcasesareacknowledgedasbeingcausedorlikelytohavebeencausedbythefaultoftheshipownerorcrew.Nevertheless60%to65%ofthetotalcostofG.A.claimsischargedtoinnocentcargointerests.
6.Manybelievethatthesystemoffersunscrupulousshipownersanincentivetofalsifycasualtiesinordertorenewoldenginesorequipmentattheexpenseofhullandcargoinsurers.ForexampleRuleVIIYork-AntwerpRules1974wasfoundinthe“ALPHA”[1991]2Ll.Rep.515topermitashipownertorecoverthecostofanewenginedamagedbyrefloatingattemptswhichwerenotonlyunsuccessfulbut,intheJudge’swords,“unreasonable”.WhilethisparticularproblemhaslargelybeenaddressedbytheRuleParamountinthe1994York-AntwerpRulesshipownersarequitewithintheirrightstoincorporatepreviousversionsoftheRuleswhichmaintainthepreviouspositionandnearlyallmarinehullpolicieswillholdthemcoverediftheydo.ManyregardthetreatmentoftemporaryrepairsinG.A.asinequitablealso.
7.InshortunderwritersfeltthatG.A.isaninefficientsystemofcasualtymanagement.MoreovertheG.A.systemisincreasinglyunpopularwithshipownersandthelinerandcontainertradesandevenmoresowithshippersandconsigneesofcargo,theircustomers.ThisdiscontentgaveimpetustothemovetoreformtheYork-AntwerpRules.
8.TheingredientsofaG.A.claim.
InhispaperMatthewMarshallgavesomefiguresfortheaverageingredientsofaG.A.claim.ThesefigureswereupdatedattheIUMIConferenceinSingaporeinSeptember2004.Obviouslyinanyonesituationthefigurescouldbecompletelydifferenttotheaveragebecausenotwocasesarethesame.HoweveritishelpfultoknowoverallwhatamountsonaveragegotomakeupthesumsapportionedinG.A.Marshall’supdatedfiguresrevealthattheamountsaremadeupasfollows:
-Salvage40%
-InterestandCommission11%
-Adjuster’sfeesandexpenses11%
-Crewwagesandmaintenance4%
-Fuelandstoresataplaceofrefuge1%
-Cargoexpenses8%
-ShipandCargoSacrifices19%
-Others6%
9.OriginoftheProposalsforReform
TheproposalsforthereformoftheYork-AntwerpRuleswhichwereconsideredbytheCMIattheirConferenceinVancouverinMay/June2004evolvedfromanumberofideasforreformoriginatingintheLondonmarketandadoptedbyIUMIin1998.TheyhadthebroadsupportofhullandcargoinsurersworldwidewhopayforpracticallythewholeofG.A.The1974and1994York-AntwerpRulesallowlosses,sacrificesandexpensessuffered,madeorincurredforthepreservationofpropertyimperilledinthecommonadventure.Thus,itisargued,Mastersandshipownerswillnotfeelconstrainedwhenincurringexpensestoavoidormitigatelossesordamagetoashipandcargoinatimeofperilforthecommonbenefitofhullandcargointerests.Underthepresentsystemhowevershipownerscanrecoverexpensesquiteunrelatedtotheactualactofsavingashipandcargofromperil.Forexample,expensesincurredwhileataportofrefugeareoftenrecoverableinG.A.fromhullandcargoinsurers.
10.OriginallyIUMIproposedthatonlysacrificesorexpensesincurredorsufferedwhileshipandcargoareinthegripofaperilshouldberecoveredinG.A.EffectivelywhatIUMIwasaskingforwasaliteralinterpretationofthewordingofsection66MarineInsuranceAct1906.AmongstotherthingstheyalsosoughttoreplaceRuleVIoftheYork-AntwerpRulesbywhichsalvageisincludedinG.A.sothatsalvagepaymentswouldliewheretheyfallandwouldnotbebroughtintoGeneralAverageunlessonepartypaysanother’sproportion.AmongthenumerousotherproposalsforthereformofG.A.itwassuggestedthatinterestandcommissionshouldnotberecoverableandthatthereshouldbeauniformtimelimitforG.A.claimsofsixyearsfromtheterminationofthevoyageoroneyearfrompublicationoftheAdjustment,whicheveristhesooner.
11.TheIUMIproposalsweredebatedattheCMIConferenceinSingaporein2001.Afteralivelydebatelastingadayandattendedby140delegatesitwasagreedaWorkingPartyshouldbesetuptoexaminetheproposalsforthereformoftheYork-AntwerpRulesingreaterdetail.IntheensuringmonthsthescopeoftheWorkingParty’sinvestigationswasdefinedandmanyofthemoreextremeIUMIproposalswerejettisonedeitherbecausetheyhadinsufficientsupportorbecausetheywerethoughttobeimpracticalorboth.AccordinglytheproposalswhichwentforwardtotheCMI’sConferenceinVancouverwhichstartedon31stMay2004representedasignificantreductioninmarinepropertyunderwriters’programme.ButiftheyhadbeenfullyadoptedtheproposedchangescouldstillhavereducedthesumsshiftedannuallyinG.A.byabout20%to25%.
12.ResultsoftheCMIConferenceinVancouver
York-AntwerpRules2004
SevenmainchangesweresoughtbythereformersatVancouverandthesewillbeexaminedonebyone.
(i)TheRemovalofSalvagefromG.A.–RuleVIYork-AntwerpRules
IntheU.K.inthe19thcenturysalvagewasnotgenerallyreadjustedinGeneralAveragebecauseitwasapportionedovervaluesatthetimeandplacewheretheservicesendedratherthanattheterminationofthevoyage.Inthe20thcenturythispositionslowlychangedthroughRulesofPracticein1926and1942culminatinginRuleVIofthe1974versionoftheYork-AntwerpRuleswhichallowedsalvagetobereapportionedinG.A.inallcases.TheRulethatsalvageremunerationshouldbeallowedinG.A.hasbeenmuchcriticisedasbeinganovercomplicationleadingtosignificantlyhigherexpenseformarinepropertyunderwriters.Twosetsofsecurityarerequiredtocoverthesamemoneyandthewholeadjustmentisprolongedsometimesforyears.
UndertheYork-AntwerpRules2004RuleVIwillbeamendedsothatsalvagecontributionsandassociatedexpenseswillnotbereadjustedinG.A.unlessonepartypaysanother’sproportion.ThenewRuleVI(a)and(b)readsasfollows:
“RULEVI.SALVAGEREMUNERATION
a)Salvagepayments,includinginterestthereonandlegalfeesassociatedwithsuchpayments,shallliewheretheyfallandshallnotbeallowedinGeneralAverage,saveonlythatifonepartytothesalvageshallhavepaidalloranyoftheproportionofsalvage(includinginterestandlegalfees)duefromanotherparty(calculatedonthebasisofsalvedvaluesandnotGeneralAveragecontributoryvalues),theunpaidcontributiontosalvageduefromthatotherpartyshallbecreditedintheadjustmenttothepartythathaspaidit,anddebitedtothepartyonwhosebehalfthepaymentwasmade.
(b)Salvagepaymentsreferredtoinparagraph(a)abovesh
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