全球化背景下中美文化冲突的根源与对策.docx
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全球化背景下中美文化冲突的根源与对策.docx
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全球化背景下中美文化冲突的根源与对策
TheoriginandCountermeasureofChineseandAmericanculturalconflictsinthebackgroundofGlobalization
Abstract:
Intheglobalcontext,internationalbusinessactivitiesarebecomingmoreandmorefrequent.Thereareculturalconflictsininternationalbusinessactivitieswhicharecausedbyculturaldifferences.EspeciallyinChinaandtheUnitedStatesbetweenthetwoworldpowers,economicexchangesareincreasinglyfrequent.However,becauseofthehugeculturaldifferencesbetweenthetwocountries,culturalconflictsareoftenoccurred,andevenaffectthesmoothprogressofinternationalbusinessactivities.ThispaperanalyzesthecausesofSinoUSculturalconflictsininternationalbusinessactivitiesunderthebackgroundofglobalization,andputsforwardsomeeffectivecountermeasures.
Keywords:
Internationalbusiness;culturaldifference; source;Countermeasures
一、Summary
AfterChina'sreformanddevelopment,moreandmoreforeignenterprisesandChineseenterprisestoestablishacooperativerelationship;AfterChina'saccessiontotheworldtradeorganization,moreandmoreChineseenterprisesalsogototheworld.Alongwiththeprocessofeconomicglobalization,internationalbusinessactivitiestakeplacefrequently,culturalconflictisbecomingmoreandmoreserious,andcorrectlyforcrossculturalcommunicationisincreasinglyimportant.Inthecourseofinternationalbusinessactivities,culturaldifferencesisacomplicatedandveryimportantvariable.Culturaldifferencescancauseculturalconflicts,andculturalconflictswillseriouslyaffectinternationalbusinesscooperation.ThispaperanalyzestheSinoUSculturalconflictsandtheircausesinthecontextofglobalization,andputsforwardauniqueandeffectivecountermeasures.
二、ThreeStagesofCulturalConflictinHumanHistory
(一)Cultural Conflict
Cultureisaspecificgroupofpeoplecommoncustomsandtraditions,values,behaviornorms,waysofthinkingandpassedonfromgenerationtogeneration,itistheproductofhumansocialandhistoricalaccumulation.Culturalconflictisdefinedasreferstotwoormorethantwokindsofculturalcontactwitheachothertheresultingcompetitionandconfrontation.
(二)Three Stagesof Cultural Conflict
1,StageofCulturalConflict
Thisstageofculturalconflictismainlyreflectedindifferentregions,differentcultures,inthemutualcompetitionandconfrontation,forceandmilitarystrengthofthepartytoachievethedevelopmentoflocalculture,andattempttoforcethelocalculturetoachievethecontrolanddominationofdifferentcultures.
2,TheEconomyistheMainCulturalConflictStage
Theculturalconflictsinthisstagearemainlyreflectedintheeconomicexchangesasthemainmediumofculturalconflict,thescopeofculturalconflictsintheexpansion,thecontentsoftheculturalconflicthasalsobeenahugechange.Smalltolocalconflictsintheeconomicinterestsofthestruggle,theworldhegemony,theeconomicinterestsarethemainobjectives,andthelevelofeconomicdevelopmenthasbecomethemainweightoftheeconomicinterestsandhegemony.
3,CulturalConflictStage
Thisstageofculturalconflictisadifferentculturalformsintheexchangeandinteractionbetweentheconflictanddifferencesinthecharacteristics,toreflecttheconflictbetweendifferentregionsandcultures,mainlyinthecontextofglobalizationandthecountry'sfundamentalpositionintheculturaldifferences.Intotheeraofeconomicglobalization,theexchangebetweencountriesisincreasinglyfrequent.Inthecontextofglobalization,culturalconflictsaremoreintenseandwidespreadthananyoneofthestagesinthehistory.Ininternationaltrade,businessmenfromdifferentcountrieshavedifferentcultures,anddifferentculturalbackgroundswillhaveanimpactoninternationalcooperation.
(三)Value Orientation Conflict
Peopleindifferentcultures,valuestendtohaveabigdifference.Forexample,thetraditionalethicsChinaoverallorientationbenefits."Thedistinctionbetweenrightandright"isabasicprobleminthehistoryofChinesecivilization.ForthousandsofyearsoffeudalsocietyinChinathemainstreamideologyofConfucianismasadominating,thebasicideais"justice","see",advocateshallsacrificeforrighteousnessandbenefitconflicts,leadingtopeoplefortheirwillingnesstospeakrighteousness,ashamedtotalkaboutLee,heavymoraltutelage,lightoutsideintheutilitarianvalueorientation.Inthewest,thewholeisbasedontheindividual,thepursuitofthevalueoftheindividual'srightsandinterests,andthattheyaresacredandcannotbeviolated,isborn,isagift.Whileavoidingsufferingistheindividualinstinct,andprofitisthesurvivaloftheobjective.Therefore,inreallife,inthewest,itisthepersonalityspiritofseekingnovelty,creativity,andutility.Thisalsoledtowesternsocietyheavyrationalandemotionallight,longerthanthereasoningratherthanlove,goodlogicalthinkingandlackofintuitivefeeling.So,perhapsintheWestseemstobenormal,common,andfortheChinesepeopleisunusual,cannotaccept.IntheeyesoftheChineseWesternsensibilities.Goodoutofthelimelight,liketoexpressthemselves;andintheeyesofWesterners,theChinesepeoplelovetoface,hypocrisy,toosubtle.Thesedifferencesandconflictsofmoralvalues,alongwiththedeepeningoftheSinoWesternexchangeswillcontinuetohighlight.
三、TheGlobalizationBackground,hastheProfoundInfluencetotheModernCulturalConflict
First,globalizationhasexpandedthescopeofculturalconflict.Beforetheadventoftheeraofglobalization,productionmethodsandtechnicallevelofbackward,sothatthehighmountains,sea,desertandothernaturalconditionstostoppeople'sfootsteps.Therefore,theoccurrenceofculturalconflictsinthisperiodisverylimitedinboththeregionandthecontent.Globalizationhasopenedanewchapterintheworldofhumancommunication,andhasexpandedthescopeofculturalconflictstoacertainextent,bothinthespaceandthecontent.Thedevelopmentofproductiveforcesandtheprogressoftechnology,especiallythedevelopmentoftransportationandcommunicationtechnology,havemadethecommunicationandrelationofhumanbeingsintheworldreachunprecedentedlevel.Culturalconflictsarealsobeginningtorisetotheglobe,andbytheindividualcontentoftheculture.
Second,globalizationhasincreasedthefrequencyandintensityofculturalconflicts.Huntington,apoliticalscienceprofessoratHarvardUniversityin1993,said:
"themainlineoffutureinternationalconflictswillbetheconflictbetweencivilizations,whichisrootedinculturaldifferences.Becauseofthedeepculturalcharacteristics,thedifferencescannotquicklydisappear.Huntington'sclashofcivilizationshasbeenacertaindegreeofremindingpeoplethattheculturalconflictsintheeraofglobalizationmaybefurtherintensified,andhaveagreatimpactonthedevelopmentofhumancivilization.Intheprocessofglobalization,withthevariousregions,variousnationalities,allcountriesinthepolitical,economicandculturalcontactsandexchanges,thedifferencesandcharacteristicsofdifferentculturesareclearlyhighlighted,inspiredtheawakeningofnationalconsciousnessandtheappealofnationalculture.Thevaluesofdifferentculturescollide,whichleadtoculturalconflicts.Alongwiththedevelopmentofglobalization,theculturalconflictwillbemorefrequentanduniversal,andtheintensityisalsomoreprofoundandsharp.
Third,globalizationmakesculturalconflictsmorelong-term.Differentculturalformsaretheproductofthelong-termselectionandidentificationofdifferentpeopleindifferentregions,althoughitissaidthatthevalueofanation'sculturehasalwaysbeenachange,butitscore,themostbasicelementsarealwaysuniversalandtimeless.Asacorepartofthe"nationalculture",thebasicvalueoftheeternalvaluesisthebasisofthe"identity"ofagroupofpeople,sothatpeopleknow “whoIam”.Thisisakindofverypersonalizedgroupcognition.Therefore,thedifferencebetweenculturesisnotlikelytochangeinashorttime.Inthehistoryofmankind,theconflictbetweendifferentculturesoftentakesalongtimetomeltorend.Forexample,BuddhismenteredChinafromtheEasternHanDynasty,andChinesetraditionalConfucianism,culturalconflicthappenedlongTaoismtraditionalculture.UntiltheSongDynasty,wasintroducedtoChinanearlyathousandyearslater,BuddhismwasnotwiththeTaoistphilosophyofLaoZiandZhuangZicombinedwiththeformationofZen,becomeapartofChineseculture.Globalizationhascrossedtheboundariesofregionalandnationalboundaries,whichgreatlyexpandedthespaceofculturalexchangesbetweencountries.Asaresult,thenationalspiritoftheproductbecameapublicproperty,thepeopleofthenation'sone-sidedandlimitationsareincreasinglybecomingimpossible"Asmentionedbefore,althoughtheconflictintheformerglobalizationeraculturemayonlyoccurinthecontactandinteractionbetweentwoormorethantwokindsofcultures,butthecoordinationbetweenthemisaverylongperiodoftime.Therefore,intheeraofglobalization,itispossibletomakearationaldialogueandcommunicationbetweendifferentcultures,andtoreachaconsensusonthebasicvalues,therebyreducingtheculturalcontradictionsandconflicts,butalsoalongerwaytogo.
四、TheSourceofCulturalConflict
(一)Collectivismand Individualism
Collectivismculturetendstoemphasizetheharmonyanddevelopmentofthecollective.Collectivismcanbeunderstoodasaculturecharacterizedby"we". Inthisculture,thecollective
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- 全球化 背景 中美 文化 冲突 根源 对策