英语高考英语阅读理解科普环保专项训练及答案及解析.docx
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英语高考英语阅读理解科普环保专项训练及答案及解析.docx
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英语高考英语阅读理解科普环保专项训练及答案及解析
(英语)高考英语阅读理解(科普环保)专项训练及答案及解析
一、高中英语阅读理解科普环保类
1.犇犇阅读短文,从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中,选出最佳选项。
Asharkmovingaroundthecoastlineisnormallyaworryingsight,butthiswaterbornedrone(无人机)threatensfloatingrubbishinsteadofpeople.
DevelopedbyDutchcompanyRanMarine,theWasteSharktakesnatureasitsinspirationwithitswhaleshark-likemouth.Responsibleforcollectingwaste,thedronewillbeginoperationsinDubaiMarinainNovemberafterayearoftrialswithlocalpartnerEcocoast.
AccordingtoRanMarine,theWasteSharkisavailableinbothautonomousandremote-controlledmodels.Measuringjustoverfivefeetbythree-and-a-halffeet(1.5metersby1.1meter),itcancarryupto352poundsofrubbish(159.6kg)andhasanoperationalbatterylifeof16hours.
By2016therewereapproximately150milliontonsofplasticintheworld'soceans.OnepaperfromDecember2014estimatedthatoveraquarterofamilliontonsofoceanplasticpollutionwasafloat.
"WasteSharkalsohastheabilitiestogatherairandwaterqualitydata,removechemicalsoutofthewatersuchasoil,andheavymetals,andscantheseabedtoreaditsdepthandoutlines,"saidOliverCunningham,oneoftheco-foundersofRanMarine."Fittedwithacollision-avoidancesystem,thedroneuseslaserimagingdetectionandrangingtechnologytodetectanobjectinitspathandstoporbackupiftheobjectapproaches."
"Ourdronesaredesignedtomovethroughawatersystem,whetherit'saroundtheperimeter(周边)orthroughthecityitself.Thedronesarethatlastlineofdefensebetweenthecityandtheopenocean,"addedCunningham."WasteSharksareoperatinginDubai,SouthAfricaandtheNetherlandsandcost$17,000fortheremote-controlledmodelandjustunder$23,000fortheautonomousmodel."
Dubai-basedoperatorEcocoasthastwoWasteSharkdrones.Co-founderDanaLipartssaystheywillcleanwaterfrontsforclientsincludinghotelsandenvironmentalauthoritiesandthatEcocoast'intentionistohavethecollectedrubbishrecycledorupcycled.However,Lipartsarguesthatcleaningwaterwaysdoesn'thaveaone-size-fits-allsolutionandrequiresacombinationofnewtechnology,preventativemeasuresandchangingpeople'sattitudestowardslittering.
(1)WhatdoweknowabouttheWasteShark?
A. Itcanfrightensharksaway.
B. Itisanoceanexplorer.
C. Itisarubbishcollector.
D. Itcancatchfishinsteadofpeople.
(2)WhatdoesParagraph4mainlytellus?
A. Thecausesofoceanpollution.
B. Thedangersofusingplastics.
C. Theseverityofoceangarbagepollution.
D. Theimportanceofoceanprotection.
(3)WhatwilltheWasteSharkdowithanapproachingobject?
A. Avoidcrashingintoit.
B. Breakitintopieces.
C. Swallowit.
D. Flyoverit.
(4)WhichofthefollowingideasdoesLipartsagreewith?
A. TheWasteSharkshouldbeusedmorewidely.
B. Moremeasuresshouldbetakentomakewaterclean.
C. TheproductioncostofWasteSharksshouldbereduced.
D. Peopleshouldtakeapositiveattitudetonewtechnology.
【答案】
(1)C
(2)C
(3)A
(4)B
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文,介绍一种水上无人机可以用于清理浮在水面上的垃圾。
(1)考查细节理解。
根据第二段中的“Responsibleforcollectingwaste,thedronewillbeginoperationsinDubaiMarinainNovemberafterayearoftrialswithlocalpartnerEcocoast.”可知,这种无人机是用来清理垃圾的,故选C。
(2)考查段落大意。
根据第四段中的“By2016therewereapproximately150milliontonsofplasticintheworld'soceans.OnepaperfromDecember2014estimatedthatoveraquarterofamilliontonsofoceanplasticpollutionwasafloat.”可知,预计到2016年,海洋里会有1.5亿吨垃圾,估计约有25万吨垃圾漂浮在海洋上,故可知,本段主要讲述海洋垃圾的严重性,故选C。
(3)考查细节理解。
根据第五段中的"Fittedwithacollision-avoidancesystem,thedroneuseslaserimagingdetectionandrangingtechnologytodetectanobjectinitspathandstoporbackupiftheobjectapproaches."可知,配备防碰撞系统,无人机使用激光来探测物体,用测距技术来探测前方是否有物体,如果探测到物体,无人机就会停下来或者后退,故选A。
(4)考查推理判断。
根据最后一段中的“However,Lipartsarguesthatcleaningwaterwaysdoesn'thaveaone-size-fits-allsolutionandrequiresacombinationofnewtechnology,preventativemeasuresandchangingpeople'sattitudestowardslittering.”可知,这种无人机并非解决水上垃圾污染的万全之策,需要多措并举,才能达到目的,故选B。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解,推理判断和段落大意三个题型的考查,是一篇科教类阅读,考生需要准确掌握细节信息,同时根据上下文进行逻辑推理,概括归纳,从而选出正确答案。
2.犇犇阅读理解
Researchershavefoundbeescandobasicmathematics,inadiscoverythatdeepensourunderstandingoftherelationshipbetweenbrainsizeandbrainpower.Recently,AstudyconductedbyresearchersfromRMITUniversityinMelbourne,Australiashowedthatbeescouldperformarithmeticoperationslikeadditionandsubtraction(减法).
Solvingmathproblemsrequiresacomplexlevelofinvolvingthementalmanagementofnumbers,long-termrulesandshort-termworkingmemory.ThefindingthateventhetinybrainofahoneybeecangraspbasicmathematicaloperationshasapossibleeffectonthefuturedevelopmentofArtificialIntelligence,particularlyinimprovingrapidlearning.
RMIT'sProfessorAdrianDyersaidnumerical(数字的)operationslikeadditionandsubtractionarecomplexbecausetheyrequiretwolevelsofprocessing.“Youneedtobeabletoholdtherulesaroundaddingandsubtractinginyourlong-termmemory,whilementallyusingskillfullyasetofgivennumbersinyourshort-termmemory,”Dyersaid.“Ontopofthis,ourbeesalsousedtheirshort-termmemoriestosolvearithmeticproblems,astheylearnedtorecognizeplusorminusasabstractconcepts.”
Thefindingssuggestthatadvancednumericalcognition(认知)maybefoundmuchmorewidelyinnatureamongnon-humananimalsthanpreviouslysuspected.
“Ifmathdoesn'trequireamassivebrain,theremightalsobenewwaysforustoincludeinteractionsofbothlong-termrulesandworkingmemoryindesignstoimproverapidAIlearningofnewproblems,”saidDyer.
Manyspeciescanunderstandthedifferencebetweenquantitiesandusethistosearchforfood,makedecisionsandsolveproblems.Butnumericalcognition,suchasexactnumberandarithmeticoperations,requiresamorecomplexlevelofprocessing.
Previousstudieshaveshownsomeprimates(灵长目动物),birds,babiesandevenspiderscanaddand/orsubtract.Thenewresearch,publishedinScienceAdvances,addsbeestothatlist.
(1)WhathavetheresearchersfromRMITUniversitydiscovered?
A. Therelationshipbetweenbrainsizeandbrainpower.
B. Long-termrulesandshorttermworkingmemory.
C. Beescanperformcomplexarithmeticoperations.
D. Beescandobasicmathematics.
(2)AccordingtoAdrianDyer,bees'numericalcognition________.
A. requiresadditionandsubtractiontwocomplexprocessing
B. hasapossibleeffectonthefuturedevelopmentofAI
C. onlyinvolvestheirshort-termworkingmemory
D. callsforalotofmathsknowledge
(3)Whatdoesthefindingofthenewresearchsuggest?
A. Beescanrecogizetheexactnumber.
B. Arithmeticoperationsexistinhumanandbees.
C. Numericalcognitionhasbeenfoundinmanymorespecies.
D. Someprimates,birdsandevenspiderscanaddandsubstract.
(4)Whatcanbethebesttitleforthetext?
A. ADiscoveryAbouttheTinyBrainofBees
B. NewFindingsAboutBeesHavingNumericalCogintion
C. NumericalCognitionRequiresaComplexLevelofProcessing
D. TheRelationshipBetweenBrainSizeandBrainPower
【答案】
(1)D
(2)B
(3)C
(4)B
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文,RMIT大学的研究人员发现了蜜蜂能做基本的数学。
此前的研究表明,一些灵长类动物、鸟类、婴儿甚至蜘蛛都可以加减法。
发表在《科学进展》(ScienceAdvances)杂志上的这项新研究将蜜蜂也列入了这一名单。
(1)考查细节理解。
根据第一段中的“Australiashowedthatbeescouldperformarithmeticoperationslikeadditionandsubtraction(减法).”澳大利亚证明蜜蜂可以做加法和减法等算术运算。
”可知,RMIT大学的 研究人员发现了蜜蜂能做基本的数学。
故选D。
(2)考查推理判断。
根据第五段中的“Ifmathdoesn'trequireamassivebrain,theremightalsobenewwaysforustoincludeinteractionsofbothlong-termrulesandworkingmemoryindesignstoimproverapidAIlearningofnewproblems,”如果数学不需要一个巨大的大脑,那么在设计中,我们也可能有新的方法来包括长期规则和工作记忆的互动,从而提高人工智能对新问题的快速学习,可知,AdrianDyer认为,蜜蜂的数字认知对人工智能的未来发展可能有影响。
故选B。
(3)考查细节理解。
根据倒数第二段中的“Manyspeciescanunderstandthedifferencebetweenquantitiesandusethistosearchforfood,makedecisionsandsolveproblems.Butnumericalcognition,suchasexactnumberandarithmeticoperations,requiresamorecomplexlevelofprocessing.”许多物种都能理解数量之间的差异,并以此来寻找食物、做出决定和解决问题。
但是数字认知,比如精确的数字和算术运算,需要更复杂的处理。
可知,新研究的发现说明了在更多的物种中发现了数字认知。
故选C。
(4)考查主旨大意。
根据最后一段中的“Previousstudieshaveshownsomeprimates(灵长目动物),birds,babiesandevenspiderscanaddand/orsubtract.Thenewresearch,publishedinScienceAdvances,addsbeestothatlist.”此前的研究表明,一些灵长类动物、鸟类、婴儿甚至蜘蛛都可以加减法。
发表在《科学进展》(ScienceAdvances)杂志上的这项新研究将蜜蜂也列入了这一名单。
”故选B。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解,推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查,是一篇科研类阅读,要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上,进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系,进行分析,推理,概括和归纳,从而选出正确答案。
3.犇犇阅读理解
Astudyfoundwirelesssignalsareabletopassthroughbagsandsuitcasestojudgethesizesofdangerousmetalobjectsandidentifythem."Theseitemscouldincludeweapons,chemicals,laptopsandbatteriesforbombs,"theresearchteamsaidonTuesday.
ResearchsuggestedthatWi-Ficannowbeusedtoestimatethevolumeofliquidssuchaswater,acid,alcoholandotherchemicalsforexplosivematerial.ThestudyledbyresearchersattheWirelessInformationNetworkLaboratory(WINLAB)intheSchool.ofEngineeringshowedawirelessdevicewithtwotothreeantennas(天线)thatcouldbefittedinexistingWi-Finetworks.
Thedetectionsystemanalyzeswhathappenswhenwirelesssignalsgothroughandbounceoffobjectsormaterials.Theapproach,whichthepaperstates,worksbyseparatingthewirelessinterference(干扰)causedbytwofactorsofobjects-thematerialandshape."Mostdangerousobjectssuchasweaponsareusuallymetalorliquid,whichhavesignificantinterference,"researcherssaid.
Whenitwastestedonabackpack,theaccuracyratetopped95percent."Buttheaccuracydroppedtoabout90perce
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