旅游路线作为南非当地经济发展的工具外文翻译.docx
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旅游路线作为南非当地经济发展的工具外文翻译.docx
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旅游路线作为南非当地经济发展的工具外文翻译
本科毕业论文外文翻译
外文题目:
TourismRoutesasVehiclesforLocalEconomicDevelopmentinSouthAfrica:
TheExampleoftheMagaliesbergMeander
出处:
UrbanForum,2007,Volume18,Number2,Pages85-104
作者:
JonathanMograbiandChristianM.Rogerson
AbstractTourismrouteshaveemergedasasignificantelementforpromotionoftourism,especiallyinsmalltownsandruralareas.InSouthAfrica,considerablepolicyattentioniscurrentlyfocuseduponthedevelopmentofnewtourismroutes.ThisarticleexaminesthelocaldevelopmentimpactsoftheMagaliesbergMaender,aroutetourisminitiativethattraversesacrosstwoSouthAfricanprovinces.Itisarguedthatwhilstthistourismroutehasextendedthetourismgrowthpotentialofthelocality,itswiderimpactsuponsurroundingcommunitieshavebeenlimitedbecauseoftheweaknessoflocalgovernmenttoaddressissuesconcerningtourismplanning.
KeywordsRoutetourism.Localeconomicdevelopment.TourismplanningSouthAfrica
Introduction
Routedevelopmenthasbeenviewedastheworld'sbesthopetosecuresustainabilityintravelandtourism(ECIAfrica2006;Lourens2007).Notsurprisingly,intheinternationalcontext,therefore,thedevelopmentofthemedroutesastouristattractionshasgainedprominenceinrecentyears.Inpresent-daySouthAfrica,considerableactivityalsosurroundsthedevelopmentof'routetourism',involvingalinkagetogetherofthetourismresourcesofanumberofsmallercentresandcollectivelymarketingthemasasingletourismdestinationregion(BriedenhannandWickens2004;Donaldson2007).Thedevelopmentofwineroutesaspartofthestrongandgrowinginterestinspecialinterestwinetourismrepresentsoneofthemostwell-knownexamples(Preston-Whyte2000;Bruwer2003).Inaddition,scenicroutesarebeingwidelyusedtoassistdevelopmentofthetourismpotentialofFreeStateandWesternCapeprovinces(Donaldson2007).ThemosthighprofileandambitiousSouthAfricanroutetourisminitiativeistheactivitiesoftheAfricanDreamProjectorganisedbytheOpenAfricaFoundation(Visser2004).
Intermsoflocaleconomicdevelopment(LED)planning,theactivityofroutetourismisofspecialinterestforitofteninvolvesdevelopingcooperativeplanningarrangementsandrelationshipstakingplacebetweendifferentlocalitiesinorderforthemtocollectivelycompeteastourismspaces.TourismrouteplanningisthusasubsetofwhatistermedbyTimothy(1998)ascooperativetourismplanningandbyReed(1999)as'collaborative'tourismplanning.Itisarguedthat"theclusteringofactivitiesandattractionsinlessdevelopedareas,stimulatescooperationandpartnershipsbetweencommunitiesinlocalandneighbouringregionsandservesasavehicleforthestimulationofeconomicdevelopmentthroughtourism"(BriedenhannandWickens2004,p.72).Spatialnetworksareconstitutedby'packaging'tourismproductsinto“inclusiveandcoherentroutesthroughtheuseofthemesandstories(suchasfolklore,workinglives,foodanddrinkroutes,religiousroutes)whichhelptomovethetouristaroundgeographicallydispersedattractions"(Clarke2005,p.92).ItisagainstabackdropofthesignificanceoftourismroutesforLEDinSouthAfricathatthisarticleexaminestheissuesandproblemssurroundingroutetourismdevelopmentasanLEDinitiativeinSouthAfrica.ThecasestudyunderanalysisistheMagaliesbergMeander,arecentroutetourisminitiativethatstraddlestwoSouthAfricanprovinces,namely,GautengandNorthWestProvince.
TourismRoutes:
AnInternationalPerspective
Routetourismisamarket-drivenapproachfortourismdestinationdevelopment.Theterminologyusedtodescribetheconceptoftenvariesindifferentpartsoftheworld,withuseofthenotionsof'themedroutes','trails','scenicby-ways'andsoforth.Usually,theterm'trails'appliestoasmallerspatialscaleandoftentoindicatetheabilityofvisitors/touriststoengageinattractionsonfoot,bybicycleoronhorseback.Bycontrast,theterm'drivetourism'isutilisedtoencouragevisitationtoattractionsthatmaybedispersedoverlongerdistances,thus,bringinginevenremoteruralareaswithintheorbitofroutetourism(Olsen2003;Shih2006).Overall,thetourismrouteconceptisconsideredtobe“averyeffectivemethodoftourismdistributionespeciallyoftouriststravellingbyroad(driving,hiking,cyclingetc)withinagivengeographicalarea"(ECIAfrica2006,p.6).
Inseveralpartsoftheworld,theconceptoftrailsorheritagerouteshasbeenusedparticularlyinthecontextofpromotingtourisminsmalltowns(BriedenhannandWickens2004;Meyer-Cech2005).AccordingtoMeyer(2004),routesseemtobeaparticularlygoodopportunityforthedevelopmentoflessmatureareaswithhighculturalresourcesthatappealtospecialinteresttouristswhooftennotonlystaylongerbutalsospendmoretopursuetheirparticularinterest.Routesappealto"agreatvarietyofuserssuchasinternationalovernightvisitorsthatvisittherouteaspartofaspecialinterestholiday,stayingvisitorsthatfrequenttheroute(orpartofit)ondayexcursionsorurbandomesticdayvisitors"(ECIAfrica2006,p.8).
Theessentialconceptofroutetourismissimple,namely,thatofthelinkingtogetheraseriesoftourismattractionstopromotelocaltourismbyencouragingvisitorstotravelfromonelocationtoanother.Routesvaryconsiderablyinlengthandscaleaswellasthemeadoptedandvisitorsattractedintermsofcharacteristicsaswellasnumbers(Lourens2007).Thedevelopmentoftourismroutesoffersopportunitiesfortheformationoflocaldevelopmentpartnerships.Someofthebestandmostsuccessfulexamplesofsuch"routes'arethedevelopmentofwineorfoodcircuits,whichhavebeenwidelyresearchedinEurope,NorthAmericaandAustralasia(Meyer-Cech2003;Halletal.2003;Telfer2001a,b;TelferandHashimot02003).Asillustration,theNiagaraWineRouteinCanadalinksover50wineriesintheregionandistheanchorforwinetourism(Telfer2001a).Thispartnershipisindicativeofthepotentialforthedevelopmentofcompetitiveadvantagethroughlocalclustersasaformoftourism-ledLED(Telfer2001b).Beyondwineandfoodtourismroutes,therearealsooperationalEuropeanexamplesofroute-basedculturaltourism(MurrayandGraham1997).
Meyer(2004)isolatesseveralfactorsorobjectivesthatunderpinthedevelopmentofroutetourisminitiatives:
todiffusevisitorsanddisperseincomefromtourism,tobringlesserknownattractionsandfeaturesintothetourismbusiness/product,toincreasetheoverallappealofadestination,toincreaselengthofstayandspendingbytourists,toattractnewtouristsandtoattractrepeatvisitorsandtoincreasethesustainabilityoftourismproducts.Ofcrucialimportancefortheattractivenessofanyrouteisitsperceiveddistanceintermsof,particularly,thespatialdistanceoractualtraveldistancebetweenthesourcegeneratingregionandthetouristdestinationaswellasthetraveltimeneededtocoverthegeographicaldistance.
Tourismroutescancaterforthedayvisitororthestay-overtourist,thelatteroftenlinkedtodrivetourism.Inmanycontexts,drivetourismisanessentialassociatedconcepttothatoftourismroutedevelopment.TheAustralianStateofQueenslandhasplacedparticularemphasisuponthemetrailslinkedtodrivetourism(Olsen2003).TheconceptofdrivetourismisdefinedbyOlsen(2002)asindividuals"travelingawayfromhomeforatleastonenight,onholidaysorvisitingfriendsandrelatives,intheirown,arentedorborrowedvehicleastheprimarymodeoftransport".Drivetourismisalsodelineatedbythewayarouteitincorporatesseveraldestinations(Shih2006).Inadditiontothemulti-destinationfeature,Hardy(2003)pointsoutthattherearesixcomponentsthatformdrivetourism,viz.,theroad,accommodationprovision,information(includingvisitorcentres,signageandbrochures),refuelingandroadsideservices,vehiclerepairsandrecoveryandattractionsthattargetdrivetourists.Drivetourismisthuslinkedtothespatialdispersaloftourismthroughroutedevelopment.IntheUSAandAustraliainparticular,theimportanceofdrivetourismhasbeenrecognisedwithgovernmentsupportindifferentways(signage,informationetc;seeEbyandMolnar2002;Olsen2002,2003).Taiwanisarecentadditiontothelistofcountriesthatnowfocusondrivetourism(Shih2006).
Tourismnetworksandclustersareadditionalhighprofileissuesintheliteratureontourismroutesandlocaldestinationdevelopment(seeHall1999;Michael2003;Pavlovich2003;Gibsonetal.2005;Saxena2005).Dredge(2006,p.269)observes:
"networksspanningpublicandprivatesectorsareincreasinglyimportantinshapingtourismplanninganddevelopment".ForHall(2005,p.154)"networksandclusterrelationshipsareasignificantpartofthedevelopmentofintangiblecapital".Moreover,Gibsonetal.(2005,p.87)observefortheformationofstrongtourismclusters"internationalandnationalagenciesactivelypromotetheconceptofbusinessnetworksatalocaldestinationlevel".Thebuildingofnetworksintourism,throughroutetourisminitiatives,mayassistvariouslytotackletheinherentcompetitivenessbetweenmicro-enterprisesandfostergreatercooperation,drawingtogetherpublicandprivatesectorinterestsandtoincreasevisitorspendwhileminimizingleakageandmaximizingthemultipliereffectinthelocaleconomy(Clarke2005).
Overall,Vernonetal.(2005,p.325)recordthat"astrikingfeatureofcontemporarytourismisthewealthofcollaborativeinitiativesbetweenlocalauthorities,governmentagencies,businessesandhostcommunities".Theneedforcooperation
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