A Contrastive Study on English and Chinese Address Forms英汉称谓语差异研究.docx
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A Contrastive Study on English and Chinese Address Forms英汉称谓语差异研究.docx
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AContrastiveStudyonEnglishandChineseAddressForms英汉称谓语差异研究
AContrastiveStudyonEnglishandChineseAddressForms
Abstract:
Addressingtermsarereflectionsoftraditionalethniccultureandhistoricalaccumulationanddifferentaddressingtermsrespectivelyembodydifferentethniccultures.Asanimportantpartofaddressingforms,kinshiptermsarefrequentlyusedinourdailylife.Fromtheperspectiveofcross-culturallanguagecommunication,thispaperattemptstoanalyzedifferencesinfamilytypes,bloodrelationship,religiousandlegalconcepts,culturalorientation,andpolitenessprinciplebetweenEnglishandChineseandtheirinfluenceonkinshipterms;inaddition,bycomparingandanalyzingexpressionhabitsandmeaningsofEnglishandChinesekinshiptermsthatarefamiliartopeople,thispapertriestorevealtheculturalconnotationreflectedinthesekinshipterms.Byanalyzingthepropertyanduseofkinshiptermsandsocialterms,itisnotdifficultforustoidentifysometraditionalcultureandculturalconnotationsembodiedinkinshipterms.Thisstudycanhelpustogetanewunderstandingofindividualideas,hierarchyconcept,collectiveconcept,andattitudetowardsfamilyofEnglish-speakingnations.
Keywords:
kinshipterms;socialterms;EnglishandChinese;difference;influence
英汉称谓语的差异研究
摘要:
称谓语是民族传统文化和历史积淀的反映,不同的称谓语分别体现了不同的民族文化。
亲属称谓是称谓语中重要的一部分,也是我们日常生活中接触最频繁的一种称谓。
本文拟从跨文化交际学的语言交际角度,分析英汉两个民族的家庭类型、血缘关系、宗法观念、文化取向、礼貌原则等因素差异及其对亲属称谓的影响;并试图从人们较为熟悉的英汉亲属称谓习惯和语义进行比较分析,揭示其中所隐含的文化意蕴。
通过亲属称谓和社会称谓的属性和用法分析,我们不难看出其一部分传统文化及其文化内涵。
通过对本课题的研究,使我们对英语民族人民的个人观念、等级观念、集体观念以及对家族的态度有了一个全新的认识。
关键词:
亲属称谓;社会称谓;英汉;差异;影响
Contents
1Introduction.........................................................................................................................1
2TheComparativeStudyofEnglishandChineseAddressForms........................................1
2.1SimilaritiesofEnglishandChineseAddressForms.........................................................2
2.1.1TheSameFunctions.......................................................................................................2
2.1.1.1TheLinkingFunction………………………………..………………………………2
2.1.1.2TheMentationFunction……………………………………………...…………..….2
2.1.1.3TheRegulationFunction………………………………….……….………………...3
2.1.2T/VDistinctionisQuiteSimilar.....................................................................................3
2.1.3SimilarCategories...........................................….….………………………………….3
2.2DifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseAddressForms……….…...….......................3
2.2.1DifferencesinKinshipTerms……………………………………………………........4
2.2.1.1DifferentAddressTermsUsedintheFamily…………………………………….....4
2.2.1.2DifferentAddressTermsUsedintheConsanguinityandAffinityofRelatives........4
2.2.1.3DifferentAddressTermsUsedinSuperiorandJuniorRelationsintheClan………5
2.2.1.4DifferentAddressTermsUsedintheGenderoftheRelatives………………..........5
2.2.2DifferencesinSocialTerms……………………………………………………..…….5
2.2.2.1DifferencesinGeneralTerms….………………………………………………........5
2.2.2.2DifferencesinNameTerms…………………………………………………..….….6
2.2.2.3DifferencesinProfessionalTerms……………………………………………..…....6
3ReasonsoftheDifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseAddressForms…………….....7
3.1DifferentGradeSystemsandReligions......................................................……………7
3.2DifferentFamilyStylesandtheBloodRelationships.................…………………...…..7
3.3DifferentCustomsandValueOrientations……………………………………….…..…8
4Conclusion.…………………………………………………………...………..……….....9
References......................................................................................................………......….10
1Introduction
Languageisthebridgeofcommunicationandaddressingtermsareindispensabletocommunication.Address-termsystemisaveryimportantpartoflanguageexpression.Indifferentsocietiesandcultures,theremustbedifferentsystemsofaddressterms.Therefore,intoday’sfrequentcross-culturalcommunication,itisnecessarytostudythedifferencestoavoidmisunderstandingintranslationandoralcommunication.Duringtheprocessofinterculturalcommunication,withoutknowingthepartner’swaytousetheaddresswillcausepragmaticfailureandevenbreakdownthecommunication.Address,notonlyhasahighfrequencyofuseincommunication,butalsoiscloselyrelatedtopoliteness.JustlikewhatJanet(1992:
26)hasstated,theuseofproperaddressformshasbecomeonewaytoexpresspeople’spoliteness.Duetotheimportanceofaddressforms,itisbetterforustoknowfirstaboutwhatisimpliedbyaddressformsthemselves.AccordingtoKridalasana(1983:
59),addressformsaremorpheme,word,orphraseusedtorefertoeachotherinconversationwhichverymuchdependsontherelationshipbetweenthespeakersandtheaddressees.
Thestudyofaddressformsisoneofthemostimportantissuesofsociolinguisticstudy.Inthepastfewdecades,Chinese-Westernscholarshavestudiedthislinguisticphenomenoninatheoreticalandsystematicway.BrownandGilman(1960)havemadeasurveyofthemajorsystematiclinguisticsinEurope,andsummarizedthetwosemanticrelations:
powerandsolidarity.TheChinesescholarRenYuanren(1950)hasmadeadetaileddescriptionofthemodernChineseaddressformsystem.Butitdoesnotadjusttothenewdevelopmentoftheaddressforms.Basedonpreviousacademicresearch,ChineseandWesternscholarshavemadeexploratoryresearchonthecomplexityoftheChinesetitlewhichisignoredbyBrownandGilman(1960)andotherWesternscholarsbefore,andthenfoundthatsomeoftheChinesetitleshavesomenewdevelopments.IntheanalysisofdifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishaddressformsaswellasthedevelopmentandchangesofthesystematthesametime,thesescholarsonceagainstressedtheneedtostudyadynamicpointofviewontheaddressforms.BothofthemhavestudiedthedifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinesekinshipterms,andhaveoffereddifferenttranslationmethodsseparately.However,neitherstudygoesbeyondtheareaoftranslation.Theyhaven’tsteppedintotheareaofculturalreasons.
ThroughstudyingthecontrastbetweenEnglishandChineseaddressforms,IwanttoillustratetherelationshipsbetweenlanguageandcultureandthecomplexityofChineseaddressforms.Inmypaper,first,I’lllistthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseaddressforms,andthenmakefurtheranalysisofreasonsofsuchphenomenoninaddressforms.AconclusionwillbemadeinthefinalchapterthattheChineseaddressformsaremorecomplexthanEnglishaddressformsbecauseoftheculturalfactors.
2TheComparativeStudyofEnglishandChineseAddressForms
EnglishaddressformsarelesscomplicatedthanChineseaddressforms.InChinese,addressformsareorientedbygeneration,age,paternalandmaternalrelationshipsandin-lawrelationships.ButinEngland,thewaypeopleaddressothersareveryrandom.Therearenotsomanylimits.Theyhavesomesimilaritiesintheaddressforms’functions,T/Vdistinctionandcategories.Andalsothereareseveraldifferencesinkinshiptermsandsocialterms.
2.1SimilaritiesofEnglishandChineseAddressForms
Asawayofcommunication,addressformsmusthavesomesimilaritiesindifferentcountries.Theanalysisofthemisquiteimportant.Peoplefromdifferentcountrieshavedifferentcultures.It’snecessarytorealizethesimilaritiesofthecultures.Itmaypromotepeopletogetalongwellwitheachother.
2.1.1TheSameFunctions
Peoplealwaysusecertainlanguageformstocallothersincommunication,whicharetheaddressforms.Addressformsareconstantlyemployedbythespeakersasdiscoursestrategies,sothatmarkedchoiceofaddressformshowstheinterlocutor'sconsciousinitiativestonegotiateinterpersonalrelationshipsortoredefineinteractionalsituations(BrownandStephen,1978:
152).Aproperaddressformsisneededtoinitiateaconversation.JustasthegreatChinesethinkerConfuciussaid:
“Ifthereisn'taproperaddressforms,theconversationcannotgoonsmoothly,andthuswillcausethefailureinfurtheraffairs.”-“名不正,则言不顺,言不顺,则事不成。
”(朱熹《论语子路第十三》)
Theaddressformshaveseveralimportantsocialfunctionswhicharerealizedwithoutconsciouseffort.Generally,addressformshavethreebasicfunctions:
thelinkingfunction,mentationfunction,andtheregulationfunction.
2.1.1.1TheLinkingFunction
Accordingtothelinkingfunctionofhumancommunication,communicationisusedtoestablishrelationshipsbetweentheindividualandtheenvironment,andthatpeopleusesymbolstocreateadesiredimagetofacilitatethislinkingtotheenvironment(Dance,1976:
256).Thus,theindividualisconsubstantialwithsociety.Thelinkingfunctionplaysanimportantroleacrosstheentirelifespanofanindividual.Itisnecessarynotonlyforthedevelopmentofselfbutalsoforthemaintenanceofself.
2.1.1.2TheMentationFunction
Mentationfunctionofaddressformsimpliesthatcommunicationstimulatesthedevelopmentofhighermentalprocesses,andthatmentalgrowthisenhancedbycommunication.Forexample,thesinglekinshiptermworksasastimulusinthechild'smindtohelpthechildgothroughacomplicatedcognitiveprocess.WhenachildaddressesanotherfamilymemberwithakinshipterminChina,heisunderthehighermentalprocessofmovingfromanegocentricsituation(seeingselfatthecenterofeverything)toanon-egocentricenvironment(Baker,1979:
128).
2.1.1.3TheRegulationFunction
Addressformsareusedtoinitiateaconversationorarelation.Theyarethemarkingandtiesinthedailycommunicationofpeople,showingnot
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