Dynamics Between Civic and Ethnic Nationalism.docx
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Dynamics Between Civic and Ethnic Nationalism.docx
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DynamicsBetweenCivicandEthnicNationalism
公民民族主义和种族主义之间的相互作用
DynamicsBetweenCivicandEthnicNationalism
Contents
摘要……………………………………………………………………………………………I
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………II
Chapter1Introducingtheissue…………………………………………………….1
1.1Theissueofnationalism………………………………………………………………….1
1.2Previewofthemajorcontents……………………………………………………………1
Chapter2Nationalismanditsconstituents………………………………………...1
2.1Definitionandconstituentsofnationalism…………………………….………………….1
2.2Thenationalpopulation,nationalidentity,membership…………….................................2
2.3Nationalsentiment……………………………………….…………..................................3
2.3.1Nationalconsciousness,nationaldignity,sourceofnationalsentiment……………3
2.3.2Attitudetowardsothers………………….…………………………………………3
2.4Theintensityofnationalloyalty……………….……….…………...................................4
Chapter3Nation-stateandnationalism…………………………………………….5
3.1Anintroductiontonation-state………………………………………………..................5
3.2Typesofnationalism………………………………………………………….................5
3.2.1Typesofnationalismbasedonnationhood………………………………………..5
3.2.2Typesofnationalismbasedontherelationwithnation-stateandnationalconsciousness……………………………………………………………………………5
3.3Nation-stateandnationalism…………………………………………………….............6
Chapter4Civicandethnicnationalism…………………………………………….6
4.1Theintroductiontocivicandethnicnationalism...........................................…………….6
4.1.1Civicnationalism……………………………..……………………………………6
4.1.1.1Membershipandnationalidentityincivicnations………………………….7
4.1.1.2Nationalsentimentincivicnationalism……………………………………..9
4.1.1.3Intensityofnationalloyalty………………………………………………….9
4.1.2Ethnicnationalism………………………………………………………………..10
4.1.2.1Membershipandnationalidentityinethnicnations………………………..10
4.1.2.2Nationalsentimentinethnicnationalism…………………………………...11
4.1.2.3Intensityofnationalloyalty………………………………………………...12
4.2Theintermeshingofcivicandethnicnationalism……………………………………….12
Chapter5Conclusion…………………………………………………………….....13
References……………………………………………………………………………………14
Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………………15
摘要
不管是作为一项奋斗的事业,还是苦难和战争酿成的一种情感,民族主义作为过去的两个世纪中最广泛的社会和政治现象,对文化、经济、政治等各个层面都产生了很大影响.现在在二十世纪初,民族主义继续动摇着各大洲:
种族紧张局势的不断涌现、政治冲突甚至战争的爆发,这些都是民族主义的直接表现.这导致人们对的民族主义普遍抱有消极的看法,并对其本质有着怀疑.这篇论文将探讨两个理论上走的路线和形式都不同的民族主义:
公民民族主义和种族民族主义.一个民族主义要成功必须要有公民民族主义和民族主义良好的相互作用,而不是相互排斥.这两个民族主义的主要区别是其关注的重点,以及在鉴定一个团体和社会的起点上的定义的不同.本文将研究这两个民族的本质,这些本质的表现,同时本文还将批判地比较这两种民族主义,以及这两种民族主义中相互作用的因素.
关键词:
公民民族主义、种族主义、相互作用、民族认同
Abstract
Beingacausetofightfor,orameresentimentresultedfromsufferingandwar,nationalism,asoneofthegreatestsocialandpoliticalphenomenaofthelasttwocenturies,hasexertedalargeinfluenceontheworldatallcultural,economical,politicallevels.Atthebeginningofthetwenty-firstcentury,theparoxysmscausedbynationalismcontinuetoshakeeverycontinent.Resurgenceofethnictension,warandpoliticalconflicts,whicharedirectconsequencesofnationalism,resultedinaprevailingnegativeperceptiononthesubjectitself.Thusnationalismhasalwaysbeingviewedwithprofoundsuspicion,anditsnatureoftenquestioned.Thisstudyaimstoexploretwotheoreticallydifferentroutesandformsofexerciseofnationalism.Thesetworoutesarecivicnationalismandethnicnationalism.Fornationalismtobesuccessfulitmustinvolveaninterplayoftheprinciplesofbothcivicnationalismandethnicnationalism,ratherthanhavingthesecomponentsactingasmutuallyexclusiveconcepts.Thekeydistinctionbetweenthetwoistheirfocusandthepointatwhichtheyidentifyagroupimaginingthemselvesasacommunityandsociety.Andthisdistinctionandnatureofthetwonationalismsandtheirmanifestationwillbeexaminedthroughoutthethesis.Theirrespectivecaseswillbecriticallyexaminedwithrespecttothoseelementsthatdeterminetheemergenceofaninterplay.
Keywords:
civicnationalism,ethnicnationalism,modernity,highculture,nationalidentity,nationalconsciousness,nation-state
Chapter1IntroducingtheIssue
1.1TheIssueofNationalism
Nationalism,anobleyetabstractconcept,asshownbyhistoricalrecords,isnotanewphenomenon.FromtheAmericanWarofIndependencetotoday'sChinese-Japanesetension,thepasttwocenturiesseesanincreasinginterplayofcontradictorynationalisms,whichhaveresultedinmanyariots,insurgencies,wars,upheavalsandcatastrophes,collapseofempiresandaswellastheformationofstates.Naturally,theperceptionofnationalismhasbeenprevailinglynegative.Nowatthebeginningofthetwenty-firstcentury,wherewefindourselvesatcrosswordsinhistory,cultureandcivilization,advancesofwhichwillcontinueshapeourfuture,thequestiononnationalismisnevermoreurgent.Nationalismisa“compulsivenecessityforacertainsocio-politicalform”.Itcanbeprogressiveandregressive,constructiveanddestructive.Itmayinitiallyemergeinasocietyasapartofitsdevelopmentalprocess,butitdoesnotdisappearafterthis,ratheritbecomesimbeddedinthefunctioningofthatsocietyinthefuture.Tounderstandnationalism,thecentralissueistounderstandthefactorsthatcontributetotheformation?
Howarethesefactorsvisible?
Asdynamicanddiverseasourworldis,acomparativestudyontwooppositetypesofnationalism:
civicandethnicnationalism,andtheirinfluenceonourcivilization,willcontributetotheunderstandingoftheunderlyingperilaswellaspromiseourworldholds.Theurgetounderstandtheworld,combinedwithmyinterestsinmulticulturalism,whichstemsfrommybackgroundasanEnglishmajor,promptedthisessaytoemerge.Alsoaboveallreasons,asadebaterattendingdebatingchampionshiponinternationallevel,theessayisspecificallydesignedtofacilitatetheunderstandingofcurrenteventswhichmaketheheadlinesinthenewspaperseveryday.
1.2Previewofthemajorcontents
Forthesepurposes,thisessayundertakesthreetaskswhichareessentialtotheunderstanding.Firstly,itreviewstheelementsofthecomponentsofnationalism.Secondly,itdissectsthosecomponentsinordertoisolateandhighlightthemostsignificantdevelopmentalfactorsofbothcivicnationalismandethnicnationalism.Indoingso,itcomparesandexploresthemanylevelsonwhichthesefactorsmanifestthemselves.Thirdly,itconcludesthecomparisonandprovesthatthesetwonationalismsareintermeshinginpractice.
Chapter2NationalismanditsConstituents
2.1DefinitionandConstituentsofNationalism
Nationalismholdsthat(ethnicallyorculturallydefined)nationsarethe'fundamentalunits'forhumansociallife,andmakescertainculturalandpoliticalclaimsbaseduponthatbelief;inparticular,theclaimthatthenationis'theonlylegitimatebasisforthestate',andthat'eachnationisentitledtoitsownstate.'[1]Nationalismmaymanifestitselfaspartofofficialstateideologyorasapopular(non-state)movementandmaybeexpressedalongcivic,ethnic,cultural,religiousorideologicallines.Theconceptofnationalismisnoteasytodefineasthesubjectunderstudyisnotasingleundifferentiatedphenomenon.Herewewilllooselydefinenationalismasamasssentimentthatendowsthemembersofanationalpopulationwithasenseofdistinctcommonidentityandevokesamongthemastrongcollectiveallegiancetothatcommunity.Therefore,suggestsfromthisdefinitionarethreemajorelementsrequiredfortheformationofnationalism.First,apopulation.Second,acollectivenationalsentiment(inwardandoutward).Finally,theintensityofloyalty(sentiment)tothenation.Inthefollowing,ananalysisofthoseelementsandtheirmanifestationwillbediscussedindetail.
2.2TheNationalPopulation,NationalIdentity,Membership
Nationalpopulationistheprincipalbuildingblockofnationalism.Ithasbeendiverselytermed"people","nation",and"nationality",andreferredtocommunitiesofverydifferentnatures.Yetgenerallyspeaking,itstandsforastablecommunityofpeopleintegratedbyacombinationofobjectiveandsubjectiveconditions,andhasbeenassociatedwithmainlythreetypesofentity.
Thefirstisethnicgroupwithacollectivelineageorofcommondescent.Themembershipisnotgivenorvoluntary,butdestinedandunchangeable.
Thesecondisculturalcommunity,whichisoneofcommonhistoricalheritage.Thecharacteristicofthiscommunityisthedistinctfeaturesoflanguage,customs,norms,behavior,mythsandsymbols.Thecommunityitselfisconsideredasinclusive,andmembershipvoluntary.Peopleorcommunitywithalienethnicorigincanbeincorporatedintothecommunitysolongastheyadoptthecultureandadapttothewayoflife.ThenationofChinesepeopleisatypicalexampleofthiscommunity.
Thethirdissovereignstate,whichalsogivesthenametocivicnationalism,thedimensionofwhichisconfinedtoterritorial,political,legal-threelevels.Membershipofthecivicnationisconsideredvoluntaryandopentoallpeopleregardlessoftheirdescent,race,ethnic,andculturalbackgrounds.Citizensareheldtogetherbyaliberalpoliticalculture,specificallyabstractprinciplesandideals.TheUnitedStatesofAmericaandFranceisoftencitedasanexampleofsuch.
Ashasalreadybeenstated,nationalpopulationisthebuildingblockofnationalism.Thenatureofmembershipandtheadmissionstandardsisvirtuallythecoreissueofanynationalism.ThiswillbediscussedindetailinChapterFourwithintheframeworkofcivicandethnicnationalism.
2.3NationalSentiment
AccordingtoGreenfeld,"nationalidentityis,fundamentallyamat
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