托福阅读教案.docx
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托福阅读教案.docx
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托福阅读教案
Companynumber:
【WTUT-WT88Y-W8BBGB-BWYTT-19998】
托福阅读教案
新托福考试
阅读部分
冯一伟
TheTOEFLTest
BriefIntroductiontoReading………………………………………………………………4
VocabularyQuestion…………………………………………………………………………..5
SentenceSimplificationQuestion…………………………………………………………6
RhetoricalPurposeQuestion………………………………………………………………..18
InsertTextQuestion……………………………………………………………………………29
FactualInformationQuestion………………………………………………………………46
ReferenceQuestion……………………………………………………………………………..66
InferenceQuestion………………………………………………………………………………74
ProseinSummary……………………………………………………………………………….82
VocabularyPractice……………………………………………………………………………..83
Preface
十六字令(长征)三首
山,快马加鞭未下鞍。
惊回首,离天三尺三。
山,倒海翻江卷巨澜。
奔腾急,万马战犹酣。
山,刺破青天锷未残。
天欲堕,赖以拄其间。
StructureoftheTOEFLiBT
Section
TestingTime
Questions
ScoreScale
Reading
60~100min
36~42Qs
0~30
Listening
60~90min
34Qs
0~30
Break
10min
-
-
Speaking
20min
6tasks
0~30
Writing
50min
2tasks
0~30
Total
3h10min~
4h30min
120
AdditionalTest
ReadingSection:
twomorepassages
Or
ListeningSection:
onemoresection
(onemoreconversationandtwolectures)
TypesofQuestioninReadingSection
BasicInformationandInferencingquestions
1.Factualinformationquestions
2.Inferencequestionquestions
3.Rhetoricalpurposequestions
4.Vocabularyquestions
5.Referencequestions
6.Sentencesimplificationquestions
7.Inserttextquestions
ReadingtoLearnquestions:
8.Prosesummary
Fillinatable
E.G.
VocabularyQuestion(iBT)
Growth,reproduction,anddailymetabolismallrequireanorganismtoexpendenergy.Theexpenditureofenergyisessentiallyaprocessofbudgeting,justasfinancesarebudgeted.Ifallofone'smoneyisspentonclothes,theremaybenonelefttobuyfoodorgotothemovies.Similarly,aplantoranimalcannotsquanderallitsenergyongrowingabigbodyifnonewouldbeleftoverforreproduction,forthisisthesurestwaytoextinction.
Thewordsquanderinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto:
a.extend
b.transform
c.activate
d.waste
BackgroundPreparation:
VOA(NORMALSPEED),science60secs,
NoBBCPlease!
!
!
ForBusinessSchool(MBA,MA,PhD)
ForUndergraduates
1.VocabularyQuestions(3-5)
Thereisno“listofwords”thatmustbetested.(OG,p25)
题型
1)ThewordXinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
2)InstatingX,theauthormeansthat
正确选项必须与所选词汇在词性,单复数和情感色彩上一致
解题方法
1)并列AandB,A orB
2)转折AbutB
3)介词搭配
n/v+介词
介词本身不是被考察对象
4)解释线索
形式:
A=B/A-B/A(B)/A“B”
内容:
AisB
AthatisB
ArefertoB
AisdefinedasB
可以使用的词汇书《词以类记》前120页(张红岩)
《托福红宝》(俞敏洪)
2.SimplifyaSentence
bestexpresstheessentialinformation
incorrectanswer1)changethemeaning
2)leaveouressentialinformation
从句子拆分的角度讲
句子题的实质是保留外层,剥离内层的过程
S逻辑
语义相关语义
无关语义
从句子构造的角度讲句子题的本质是保留逻辑和相关语义,剔除无关语义的过程。
解题步骤:
1)句子中有明确的逻辑关系标志词
圈出本句逻辑关系标志词:
转折、因果、否定、比较
转折前信息因果原因否定错v全局否定neverdeny
后信息结果某概念-局部否定exceptunless
比较A方面
B方面
2)错误选项设置:
1.引入原文出现的虚假逻辑关系
2.将原文细节过分放大(Minorpoints或者限定词放大sometimes,someof,partof,only,necessarily,包括量词);或出现未涉及的限定语,也就是说限定的条件可以被缩小,不可以被放大
3.与原文矛盾或引入原文为提及的信息(不是关键词,有可能是同义)
正确选项保留原文重现和同义双写
3)如果句子中出现了引入两个及以上并列信息点的表达
Eg.BothAandB
BetweenAandB
NotonlyAbutalsoB
则正确答案有两种情况
1A+B
2A+B的概括和总结
不可能是只讲Aor只讲B
4)逻辑关系标志词
转折:
however,but,eventhough,evenif,although
While转折
……的时候(SAT语法when划线部分)
Whereas转折(A…whereasB),yet,despite,inspiteof
比较
因果:
because,becauseof,since,inthat,so,therefore,thus,hence,resultin,resultfrom,asaresult,consequently,inasmuchas,reason(v.),leadto,accordingly,onaccountof,…why,explain…
否定:
no,not…,none,neither…nor…,never,deny,failto,lackof,remove,ignore,miss,dearth
比较
More…than…,less…than,as…than,increase,decrease,improve,outway,surpass,transcend,maximum,minimum,peak,nomorethan,ratherthan,contraryto
Eg.FjisnomorebeautifulthanFrjj.(像……一样不)两者都不怎么样
从句中内容(逻辑)可以忽略,主句中逻辑一定要表达;也就是说,这种选项不为错
Eg.①for…
Inorderto
By…
②expertsestimate
Theyagreethat
Asurveyshowsthat
几个注意点:
1Notfrom…butfrom后者是重点,而且这种结构可能为比较级
2TOP4DeerQ11(划线中的Term或者代词,可以用同义改写);上下文中提到的term
3Unless容易扩大论述范围,“大”,OG
4OG的试题;难度较低,逻辑简单,与真正的试题有偏差
5Whetherornot=regardlessof
6如果划线句以but(转折词)开头,则居中物转折涵义
7
一句话中有主要逻辑frjjbeautiful因为身材好,甚至于fj相比比
与次要逻辑她身材也很好
8比较级和最高级(不能丢失)也是一种逻辑关系
9
As,与suggest
Show都有因果关系
demonstrate
10破折号里的内容(也就是同位语或者解释)不应该出现在选项中
1.Hillsandmountainsareoftenregardedastheepitomeofpermanence,successfullyresistingthedestructiveforcesofnature,butinfacttheytendtoberelativelyshort-livedingeologicalterms.
9.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage
Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.
Whentheyarerelativelyyoung,hillsandmountainssuccessfullyresistthedestructiveforcesofnature.
Althoughtheyseempermanent,hillsandmountainsexistforarelativelyshortperiodofgeologicaltime.
Hillsandmountainssuccessfullyresistthedestructiveforcesofnature,butonlyforashorttime.
Hillsandmountainsresistthedestructiveforcesofnaturebetterthanothertypesoflandforms.
herearlytheatricalcareerhadincludedstintsasanactress,shewasnotprimarilyinterestedinstorytellingorexpressingemotionsthroughdance;thedramaofherdancingemanatedfromhervisualeffects.
4.WhichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassageIncorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.
Fullerwasmoreinterestedindance’svisualimpactthaninitsnarrativeoremotionalpossibilities.
Fullerusedvisualeffectstodramatizethestoriesandemotionsexpressedinherwork.
Fullerbelievedthatthedramaofherdancingsprangfromheremotionalstyleofstorytelling.
Fuller’sfocusonthevisualeffectsofdanceresultedfromherearlytheatricaltrainingasanactress.
3.Oneexplanationforgreenicebergsattributestheircolortoanopticalillusionwhenblueiceisilluminatedbyanear-horizonredSun,butgreenicebergsstandoutamongwhiteandblueicebergsunderagreatvarietyoflightconditions.
3.WhichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassageIncorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.
Oneexplanationnotesthatgreenicebergsstandoutamongothericebergsunderagreatvarietyoflightconditions,butthisisattributedtoanopticalillusion.
Oneexplanationforthecolorofgreenicebergsattributestheircolortoanopticalillusionthatoccurswhenthelightfromanear-horizonredSunshinesonablueiceberg.
Oneexplanationforgreenicebergsattributestheircolortoagreatvarietyoflightconditions,butgreenicebergsstandoutbestamongothericebergswhenilluminatedbyanear-horizonredSun.
Oneexplanationattributesthecolorofgreenicebergstoanopticalillusionunderspeciallightconditions,butgreenicebergsappeardistinctfromothericebergsunderagreatvarietyoflightconditions.
4.ContrarytotheargumentsofsomethatmuchofthepacificwassettledbyPolynesiansaccidentallymaroonedafterbeinglostandadrift,itseemsreasonablethatthisfeatwasaccomplishedbydeliberatecolonizationexpeditionsthatsetoutfullystockedwithfoodanddomesticatedplantsandanimals.
9.WhichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassageIncorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.
SomepeoplehavearguedthatthePacificwassettledbytraderswhobecamelostwhiletransportingdomesticatedplantsandanimals.
TheoriginalPolynesiansettlerswereprobablymaroonedontheislands,buttheymayhavebeenjoinedlaterbycarefullypreparedcolonizationexpeditions.
Althoughitseemsreasonabletobelievethatcolonizationexpeditionswouldsetoutfullystocked,thisiscontradictedbymuchoftheevidence.
ThesettlementofthePacificislandswasprobablyintentionalandwellplannedratherthanaccidentalassomepeoplehaveproposed.
5.Atonetime,theanimalspresentinthesefossilbedswereassignedtovariousmodernanimalgroups,butmostpaleontologistsnowagreethatallTommotianfossilsrepresentuniquebodyformsthataroseintheearlyCambrianperiodanddisappearedbeforetheendoftheperiod,leavingnodescendantsinmodernanimalgroups.
9.WhichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassageIncorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.
TheanimalsfoundintheTommotianfossilbedwereoncethoughttobelongtoavarietyofmodernanimalgroups,butnowtheyarethoughttohavedescendedfromasinglegroup.
AnimalsintheTommotianfossilbedswereinitiallyassignedtomodernanimalgroupsbutarenowthoughttobelongtogroupsthatemergedanddiedoutduringtheCambrianperiod.
Thoughatfirsttheythoughtotherwise,paleontologistsnowagreethattheanimalsintheTommotianhavebodyformsfromwhichmodernanimalshavedescended.
ItisunclearwhethertheTommotianfossilsfromtheearlyCambrianperiodrepresentuniquebodyformsorwhethertheyshouldbeassignedtovariousmodernanimalgroups.
6.Onlythelastofthesewassuitedatalltothecontinuousoperatingofmachines,andalthoughwaterpoweraboundedinLancashireandScotlandandrangrainmillsaswellastextilemills,ithadonegreatdisadvantag
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