定语从句讲义(个人精心整理).doc
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定语从句讲义(个人精心整理).doc
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一.定语从句定义及相关术语
1.定语从句:
修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的
先行词之后。
2.先行词:
被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。
3.关系词:
引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
关系词有关系代词和关系副词。
关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等;
关系副词有when, where, why等。
关系词通常有下列三个作用:
A.引导定语从句B.代替先行词,C.在定语从句中担当一个成分
关系词
先行词
从句成分
例句
关系代词
who
人
主语,宾语
Doyouknowthemanwhoistalkingwithyourmother?
whom
人
宾语
Theboy(whom)sheloveddiedinthewar.
Mr.SmithisthepersonwithwhomIamworking
whose
人,物
定语
Ilikethosebookswhosetopicsareabouthistory.
Theboywhosefatherworksabroadismyclassmate.
that
人,物
主语,宾语
表语
Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.
Sheisthepopstar(that)Iwanttoseeverymuch.
Sheisnotthepersonthatsheusedtobe
which
物
主语,宾语
Thebook(which)Igaveyouwasworth$10.
Thepicturewhichwasabouttheaccidentwasterrible.
as
人,物
主语,宾语
Heissuchapersonasisrespectedbyallofus.
ThisisthesamepenasIlostyesterday.
备注
Who,whom,which和that在从句中做宾语时,常可以省略,但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略,也不可以用that和who
关系副词
when
时间
状语
I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together.
where
地点
状语
I know a place where we can have a picnic
why
原因
状语
This is the reason why he was fired.
二.关系代词表格
例如:
(注意关系代词在定语从句中所充当的成分)
①Doyouknowtheprofessorwho/thatwillgiveusaspeechnextweek?
(作主语)
②Ireadareportabouthisnewnovelthat/whichwillsoonbepublished.(作主语)
③Theplanthat/whichtheyarguedaboutwassettledatlast.(作宾语)
④Thisisthenewsecretary(who/whom/that)Iwouldliketointroducetoyou.(作宾语)
⑤Thesoldierwhoselegswerebadlywoundedwasoperatedonwithoutdelay.(作定语)
三.6个关系代词的用法
1)关系代词that和which的用法
which,that在代替物时,一般可以通用。
Hisfatherworksinafactorythat/whichmakesTVsets.
Thecoat(which/that)Iputonthedeskisblack.
▲但在有些情况下,只用that
1.先行词是最高级形容词或它的前面有最高级形容词修饰时。
①Thisisthebestwaythathasbeenusedagainstpollution.
②Englishisthemostdifficultsubjectthatyouwilllearnduringtheseyears.
2.先行词是序数词,或它前面有一个序数词时。
①Thisisthelastplace(that)Iwanttovisit.
②ItisthefirstAmericanmovieofthiskindthatI’veeverseen.
3.先行词是all,much,little,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,any,few,little,no,all,much,every等不定代词时。
①Youshouldhandinallthatyouhave.
②Wehaven’tgotmuchthatwecanofferyou.
③Thelittlemoney(that)hehadwasstolen.
4.先行词前面有theonly,thevery,等修饰时。
Theonlythingthatwecandoistogiveyousomemoney.
5.先行词既有人又有物时。
Doyouknowthethingsandpersonsthattheyaretalkingabout?
6.主句已有疑问词which时。
避免重复使用
Whichisthebikethatyoulost?
7.that在定语从句中作表语
Maryisnolongerthegirlthatsheusedtobe.
▲不用that的情况
①引导非限定性定语从句时。
例如:
Hetakesexerciseeveryday,whichhasdonealotofgoodtohishealth.
②介词后不能用。
Wedependonthelandfromwhichwegetourfood.
▲有些情况只用which
①引导非限定性定语从句修饰某物或整个句子。
Brucewenttowardsthefire,whichwasstillsmoking.
Tomcamebacklate,whichmadehisparentsveryangry.
②关系代词作介词的宾语。
ThisisthehouseinwhichLuXunoncelived.
2)关系代词who和whom的用法
who指人,在句中作主语和宾语,作宾语可省略。
Whom指人,在句中只能作宾语,可省略,但在介词后面不能省略。
Shehasabrotherwhoworkedatthatfactorytenyearsago.
Thedoctorwho/whom/that/xshewenttotheUnitedStateswithlastmonthisveryfamous.
=ThedoctorwithwhomshewenttotheUnitedStateslastmonthisveryfamous.
3)关系代词whose的用法
⑴whose是代词的所有格,它既可以代人也可以代物。
①Isawawomanwhosebagwasstolen.
②Pleaseshowmethebookwhosecoverisred.
⑵当whose表示物与物的所有格关系时,亦可用ofwhich的形式。
①Thebuildingwhoseroofyoucanseefromhereisanewrestaurant.
→Thebuilding,theroofofwhichyoucanseefromhere,isanewrestaurant.或
→Thebuilding,ofwhichtheroofyoucanseefromhereisanewrestaurant.
4)关系代词as的用法
先行词前有such、thesame时关系代词用as
I’ve never heard such stories as he tells.
He is not such a fool as he looks.
This is the same dictionary as I lost last week.
5)关系副词的用法
含义相当于\"介词+which\"结构,因此常常和\"介词+which\"结构交替使用
关系副词引导的定语从句
① when 指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。
I still remember the day when I first came to this school.
The time when we got together finally arrived.
②where 指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。
Shanghai is the city where I was born.
The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
③why 指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语。
Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
when=onwhichwhere=inwhichreason=forwhich
Thedaywhen/onwhichImethimfirstwasMay1st.
Thisisthehousewhere/inwhichIlivedtwoyearsago.
Idon’tknowthereasonwhy/forwhichhedidn’tcome.
.并非先行词表示时间或地点时都分别用when或where来引导相应的定语从句,若关系词在修饰表示时间或地点的先行词的定语从句中充当主语、宾语等而不是状语时,需用which或that引导相应的定语从句。
Doyoustillrememberthedayswhich/thatwespenttogetherinschool?
先行词thedays表时间,但是其定语从句的引导词在定语从句中作宾语而不是状语,因此不能用when而应该用which或that。
ThisisthedaywhenIjoinedtheparty/whichhespentreadingthebooks/whichIstillneverforget.
ThisistheplacewhereIfoundthebook./whichweoncevisited/whichIwillneverforget/whichIamlookingfor
Thisisthereasonwhyhewaslate/thathegaveatthemeetingforhisbeinglate.
④.以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由in which或that引导,而且通常可以省略。
The way (that / in which ) he answered the questions was surprising.
I don’t like the way (that / in which) you laugh at her.
四.介词+关系代词
关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时,从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。
介词+which(指事)介词+whom(指人)
①The school (which / that) he once studied in is very famous.
The school in which he once studied is very famous.
②Tomorrow I’ll bring here the magazine (which / that) you asked for.
Tomorrow I’ll bring here the magazine for which you asked.
③This is the boy (whom / who / that) I played tennis with yesterday.
This is the boy with whom I played tennis with yesterday.
④We’ll go to hear the famous singer (whom / who / that) we have often talked about.
We’ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.
⑤The boss whose company I work in pays much attention to improving our working conditions.
The boss in whose company I work pays much attention to improving our working conditions.
若介词放在关系代词前,关系代词指人时只可用whom,不可用who, that;关系代词指物时只可用which,不可用that。
关系代词是所有格时用whose。
The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour.
The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable.
五.代词/数词+介词+关系代词
some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代词或者数词。
如:
①He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.
②In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.
③There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.
④Up to now, he has written ten stories, three of which are about country life.
六.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句
形式上:
不用逗号“,”与主句隔开。
意义上:
是先行词不可缺少的定语,如删除,主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。
译法上:
译成先行词的定语:
“...的”
关系词的使用上:
A.作宾语时可省略B.可用thatC.可用who 代替whom
非限制性定语从句
形式上:
用逗号“,”与主句隔开。
意义上:
只是对先行词的补充说明,如删除,主句仍能表达完整的意思。
译法上:
通常译成主句的并列句。
关系词的使用上:
A.不可省略B.不用thatC.不可用who 代替whom
限制性定语从句举例:
The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on. 老师告诉我说汤姆是我唯一的可以依靠的人。
China is a country which has a long history. 中国是一个历史悠久的国家。
In the street I saw a man who was from Africa. 在街上我看到一个来自非洲的人。
非限制性定语从句举例 :
His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him. 他妈妈十分地爱他,对他要求很严格。
China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful. 中国是1949年成立的, 现在正变得越来越强大。
Last summer I visited the People’s Great Hall, in which many important meetings are held every year. 去年夏天,我参观了人民大会堂,在那儿每年都要举行许多重要会议。
七.As和which引导非限定性定语从句的辨析关系。
关系代词as和which都能引导非限定性定语从句代表整个句子的内容,as引导的从句可位于句首或句末,which引导的定语从句则不能位于句首。
As语义“正如”
▲Hewaslateagain,as/whichwehadexpected.=Aswehadexpected,hewaslateagain.
▲Thestreethasn’tbeenclearedforweeks,whichmakesitverydirty.
Ashasalreadybeenpointedout,Englishisratherdifficultforaforeigner.
Shehasbeenlateagain,aswasexpected.
▲Shehasmarriedagain,aswasexpected.Shehasmarriedagain,whichwasunexpected.
八.关系代词在从句中作主语时,从句中的主谓一致
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词在人称和数上应与先行词一致。
▲Whoistheguythatisreadingoverthere?
Thenumberofpeoplethataregoingtotheexhibitionisexpectedtobeover25,000.
Allthatneedstobedonehasbeendone.
▲Heisoneofthestudentswhousecomputeralotforstudy.
Timmyistheonlyoneofthepupilsthathasfailedtheexam.
九.定语从句与强调结构
Itistheplacewheretheylivedbefore.
Itisintheplacethattheylivedbefore.
第一个句子为定语从句,where指代theplace,在定语从句中作状语,第二个句子为强调结构,强调intheplace,that没有意义,把放回后面句子,句子意思完整。
Whereisitthathefoundthelostwatch?
(强调句型,强调疑问副词where.)
Whereisthewatchhefoundyesterday?
(定语从句,that指代thewatch.)
初夏早上六点,清亮透明的月儿还躲藏在云朵里,不忍离去,校园内行人稀少,我骑着单车,晃晃悠悠的耷拉着星松的睡眼。
校园内景色如常,照样是绿意盈盈,枝繁叶茂,鸟儿歌唱。
经过西区公园,看那碧绿的草地,飞翔中的亭子,便想起十七那年,在这里寻找春天的日子。
本想就此停车再感受一遍,可惜心中记挂北区的荷塘。
回想起冬日清理完荷塘的枯枝败叶,一片萧条的景色:
湖水变成墨绿色,没有鱼儿游动,四处不见了鸟儿的踪影,只有莲藕躺在湖底沉沉睡去。
清洁大叔撑着竹竿,乘一叶扁舟,把一片片黑色腐烂的枯叶残枝挑上船。
几个小孩用长长的铁钩把莲蓬勾上岸,取下里头成熟的莲子。
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