失语症相关词汇.docx
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失语症相关词汇.docx
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失语症相关词汇
失语症相关词汇
Abulia
`Reductioninspeech,movement,thought,andemotionalreaction;acommonresultofbilateralfrontallobedisease`(MedicalSearchEngine,2004).
AccessDysphasia
AtypeofdysphasiadescribedbyWarringtonandMcCarthy(1987)andcharacterisedbydifficultyretrievingsemanticinformationfrommemoryratherthanbythelossoftheunderlyingmemorytracesinanyabsolutesense.Adifficultyinindexingthatwhichisstillthere.
AcquiredDyscalculia
Adyscalculiaarisinginapreviouslyskilled(andthususuallyadult)subject,asaresultofbraininjuryordisease.
AcquiredDyslexia
Adyslexiaarisinginapreviouslyskilled(andthususuallyadult)reader,asaresultofbraininjuryordisease.Thestudyofacquireddyslexiagoesbacktotheageofthediagrammakers,andclinicalcasestudieshaveidentifiedanumberofsubtypes,notablydeepdyslexiaandsurfacedyslexia.ModerninterestinthistopicwassparkedbyMarshallandNewcombe(1966,1973).Theessenceofbothclassicalandmodernexplanationsisthatnormalreadingabilityreflectsthecoordinatedsimultaneousfunctioningofanumberofdiscretecognitiveprocesses
AcuteDisorder
Adisorderposinganimmediatethreat.E.g.acuteappendicitis.[Comparechronicdisorder.]
AggressiveDisorder
Adisorderofrapidonsetorprogression.Someprogressivedisorderscanbemoreaggressivethanothers.
Agnosia
Strictlyspeaking,atotalfailureofgnosis.Astateofnotknowingwhatsomethingis,orisfor,inaconfrontationalnamingtask.[Seenowfingeragnosia.]
Agrammatism
Defectivesyntaxinspeech(butnot,curiouslyenough,inautomaticspeech).AfrequentsignofBroca'saphasia.[ThereisalongerdiscussionofagrammatisminSection6.5ofoure-paperon`SpeechErrors,SpeechProductionModels,andSpeechPathology`.]
Alexia
Strictlyspeaking,atotalinabilitytoreadthewrittenwordbutwithpreservedvisualperceptionofobjectsandpictures.
Alzheimer'sDisease
[Seefirstlydementia;alsoknownasdementiaofAlzheimer'stype(DAT).]Alzheimer'sdiseaseresultsfromaremorselesslyprogressivelossofneuraltissueatamicroscopiclevel.Neuronsaregraduallyreplacedbynon-excitable`plaquesandtangles`untileventuallywhatfirstshowsitselfclinicallyasmildforgetfulnessadvancesintoatotalbreakdownofallcognitivefunctions.
Amnesia
Thegeneraltermforadefectoflong-termmemory,beitneurogenicorpsychogenicinorigin.Neuropsychologydealsmainlywiththeamnesicsyndromeandfrontalamnesia.
AmnesicSyndrome
Anamnesicstatearisingfromavarietyofcauses,andcharacterisedbyasevere-to-totalanterogradeamnesia,accompaniedbysomedegreeofretrogradeamnesiaandapackageofnon-amnesicsymptomsandsignssuchasattentiondeficits,irritability,andgeneralemotionallability.Short-termmemory,curiouslyenough,isintactupto30secondsorso,andgeneralintelligenceremainsatthepremorbidlevel.Thesyndromeiscorrelatedanatomicallywithbilaterallesionsofeitherthehippocampalregionsorthemammillarybodies.
Anarthria
Strictlyspeaking,atotalinabilitytocarryoutaskilledmusclemovement,or,inthecontextofcommunication,atotalinabilitytoproducespeech.
Aneurism
Acongenitalweaknessinanarterywall,andthereforealikelypointofeventualruptureandhaemorrhage.Wherethearteryconcernedisacerebralartery,thisisapredisposingfactortoahaemorrhagicCVA.
AngularGyrus
Gyrusatthejunctionoftheparietal,temporal,andoccipitallobes,andthereforeadmirablyplacedtosupportsimultaneousinterpretationof(respectively)somaesthetic,auditory,andvisualinformation.[SeeBrodmann'sArea39onKleist's(1934)corticallocalisationmap.SeealsoGerstmann'ssyndrome.]
Anomia
(1)Aclinicalsignreadilydiscoveredusingaconfrontationalnamingtask.Anamingdisabilityverycommoninalltheaphasias,andoneofthekeyfactorsintheaphasic'sreducedcommunicativesuccess.Adifficultyinretrievingwordsfromthelexicon
(1),althoughitisunclearwhetherthisisduetodamagetothelexiconitself,ortodefectiveaccesstoit.NinedifferentsubtypesofanomiawereidentifiedbyBenson(1979),includingcategory-specificanomia,modality-specificanomia,semanticanomia,wordproductionanomia,andwordselectionanomia.
(2)Aclinicalsyndrome.Atypeofaphasia(anomicaphasia)whereinanomia
(1)isthepredominantpresentingsign.
AnomicAphasia
Seeanomia
(2).
AnteriorCingulateGyrus
Thisistheproportionofthecingulategyruswhichislocatedanteriortothecorpuscallosum,thatistosay,atBrodmann'sArea#24onthemedialaspectoftheKleist(1934)brainmap
AnterogradeAmnesia
Anamnesiawhichactsforwardsintimefromthemomentofinsult,andwhichisthereforecharacterisedbyadifficultyinconsolidatingnewexperience,thatistosay,patientscanhaveexperiences,buttheycannotrecallthemmorethanafewsecondsaftertheevent.Theycanthereforequitecheerfullyhavethesameexperiencesoverandoveragainwithoutrealisingit.
Aphasia
Generictermforawidevarietyofacquiredneurogeniclanguagedisorders.Animpairmenttoagreaterorlesserextentofhighercognitivelanguageprocessing,ratherthanofthemoreperipheralsensoryandmotorsystems.Alternatively,`amultimodalityreductionincapacitytodecode(interpret)andencode(formulate)meaningfullinguisticelements`(Darley,Aronson,andBrown,1975,pp1-2).InWernicke'saphasia,forexample,wordsarepoorlyunderstood,despiteanintactauditorysystem.Aphasiasareconventionallydividedintofluentandnon-fluenttypes,andthenintospecificsubtypesyndromes.
Apraxia
Strictlyspeaking,atotalinabilitytoinitiatevoluntarymotormovements,despiteintactmotorpathways.
Asperger'sDisorder-Syndrome
Seethisentryinthecompanionglossaryon`SelfandConsciousness`.
Ataxia
Aninabilitytocoordinateskeletalmuscularactivity,leadingtounsteadinessanddefectsofbalance.
AtaxicDysarthria
OneofthesixclinicallydistinctsubtypesofdysarthriarecognisedbyDarley,Aronson,andBrown(1975).[ThereisalongerdiscussionofthesubtypesofdysarthriainSection6.8ofoure-paperon`SpeechErrors,SpeechProductionModels,andSpeechPathology`.]
Athetosis
[Greek=`withoutfixedposition`]TermcoinedbyHammond(1871)todescribeastateofcontinualmotion(ofhand,limb,etc.),oftenslowandwrithing.
Autism
ThisfromBaron-Cohen(1989):
`Autismisapervasivedevelopmentaldisorderwhichbeginsinthefirst36monthsoflife[].Symptomsincludedeficitsinthepragmatic[PsycholinguisticsGlossary]aspectsoflanguage[],anabsenceofsymbolicplay[],andthepresenceofritualisticbehaviour[].Autisticchildrenalsosufferasevereimpairmentintheirabilitytorelatesocially.`Autismhasbeenapopularareaofstudyoflate,becausetheaforementionedpragmaticdeficitsgeneratedapopularcognitivedeficitexplanation.AsformulatedinitiallybyBaron-Cohen,Leslie,andFrith(1985),thisexplanationassertsthatallthecategoriesofautisticsymptomcanbetracedbackultimatelytoaspecificunderlyingdisorderofsecondorderrepresentation,alsoreferredtoasaninabilitytoformatheoryofmind,orasmindblindness.Asaresult,autismstudiesareofasmuchinteresttophilosophers,psycholinguists,andneurobiologists,astheyaretopaediatricclinicians.
Auto-Association
Hypothetically,auto-associationisoneofthebasicpropertiesofbiologicalcellassembliesorcomputerisedneuralnetworks.Theprocessdetectsthestablepatternsinincomingstimulation,andcreatesaninter-associatedsetofneuronsparticulartoeach`constantform`withinthatstimulation.Theresulting`learned`networkisstable,exhibitspart-to-wholeretrieval,andcanbefurtherdevelopedbyexperience.TheconceptisinvokedinthedistributedmemorytheoryofAllport(1985),andprovidesapotentialmicro-mechanismfortheentirepsychologicalphenomenonofabstraction.
AutomaticSpeech
Over-learnedandfamiliarphrasessuchascursing,counting,reciting,andrhyme.CanberetainedinBroca'saphasiaanddementiaevenwhennon-automaticspeechisaffected.Presumablyinitiated,therefore,inanareaotherthanBroca'sArea,andpossiblystoredinthelexiconassingleunitsdespitebeingmadeupfromindividualwordsstoredindividually!
[Foranexample,seeMcCarthyandWarrington(1984).]
Ballism
[Greekballein=`tothrow`]Aclinicalsign.Uncontrolledflailingmovementsofarmsorlegs.
Benign
Oftumours,onewhichisnotcancerous.[Comparemalignant.]
Blindsight
Thetermdescribinganyresidualvisualabilitiesfollowingdamagetoeitherthegeniculo-striatepathwayand-orcorticalarea17.Suchresidualabilitiesarefairlyrudimentaryaspectsofvisionsuchastheautomaticshiftingofgazetowardsalight,andtheireffectsaretypicallyunconscious.[Furtherdetailsanddemonstration.]
BostonSchool
Doctrineofaphasiologywhichinsistsonmappingaphasicsymptomscloselyontobrainareas.[Compareglobalistschool.]
BovineSpongiformEncephalopathy(BSE)
Anuntreatableprogressiveencephalopathyofcattle,characterisedbyafairlyaggressivedeteriorationofbraintissue,andprobablyduetotheactionofaprion,anabnormalprotein.AlsopossiblytransferrabletohumansasCreutzfeld-Jacobdisease.
Broca'sAphasia
Anon-fluentaphasiacharacterisedbyeffortfulandhaltingspeech,reducedphraselength,prosodicdisturbance,andawkwardarticulation.Frequentlyshowsdyspraxiaofspeech,longvoiceonsettimes,agrammatism,anomia
(1),paraphasia,telegraphicspeech,intrusivevowels,hesitations,consonantsubstitutions,repetitiondifficulties,andw
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