托福TPO阅读题目汇总.docx
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托福TPO阅读题目汇总.docx
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托福TPO阅读题目汇总
1:
TheamountofairexchangedisevenlowerinREMthanNREMbecause,althoughbreathingismorerapidinREM,itisalsomoreirregular,withbriefepisodesofshallowbreathingorabsenceofbreathing.
○BecausebreathingismoreshallowandirregularinREMthaninNREM,lessairisexchangedinREM.
○BreathinginNREMislesseffectivethanbreathinginREMbecauseofirregularepisodesofrapidbreathingduringNREM.
○BecausebreathingismorerapidinNREMsleepthaninREMsleep,breathingoftenbecomesshallow.
○AlthoughREMhasbriefepisodesofshallowbreathingorlackofbreathing,breathingismorerapidthaninNREM.
2:
Fladmark’shypothesisreceivedadditionalsupportformfromthefactthatthegreatestdiversityinnativeAmericanlanguagesoccursalongthewestcoastoftheAmericas,suggestingthatthisregionhasbeensettledthelongest.
○Becausethisregionhasbeensettledthelongest,italsodisplaysthegreatestdiversityinNativeAmericanlanguages.
○Fladmark'shypothesisstatesthatthewestcoastoftheAmericashasbeensettledlongerthananyotherregion.
○ThefactthatthegreatestdiversityofNativeAmericanlanguagesoccursalongthewestcoastoftheAmericanslendsstrengthtoFradmark'shypothesis.
○AccordingtoFladmark,NativeAmericanlanguageshavesurvivedthelongestalongthewestcoastoftheAmericas.
3:
Thetraditionofreligioussculptureextendsovermosthistoricalperiodsbutislessclearlydelineatedthanthatofstonewaresorporcelains,foritembracestheoldcustomofearthenwareburialceramicswithlaterreligiousimagesandarchitecturalornament.
○Whilestonewaresandporcelainsarefoundthroughoutmosthistoricalperiods,religioussculptureislimitedtotheancientperiod.
○Religioussculpturewascreatedinmostperiods,butitshistoryislessclearthanthatofstonewaresorporcelainsbecausesomeoldformscontinuedtobeusedevenwhennewonesweredeveloped.
○Whilestonewaresandporcelainschangedthroughouthistory,religioussculptureremaineduniforminformanduse.
○Thehistoricaldevelopmentofreligioussculptureisrelativelyunclearbecausereligioussculpturessometimesresembleearthenwarearchitecturalornaments.
4:
ManyplantsandanimalsdisappearabruptlyfromthefossilrecordasonemovesfromlayersofrockdocumentingtheendoftheCretaceousupintorocksrepresentingthebeginningoftheCenozoic(theeraaftertheMesozoic).
○ThefossilrecordsuggeststhattherewasanabruptextinctionofmanyplantsandanimalsattheendoftheMesozoicera.
○FewfossilsoftheMesozoicerahavesurvivedintherocksthatmarktheendoftheCretaceous.
○FossilsfromtheCretaceousperiodoftheMesozoicuptothebeginningoftheCenozoicerahavebeenremovedfromthelayersofrockthatsurroundedthem.
○PlantsandanimalsfromtheMesozoicerawereunabletosurviveintheCenozoicera.
5:
Sociologistsviewprimarygroupsasbridgesbetweenindividualsandthelargersocietybecausetheytransmit,mediate,andinterpretasociety'sculturalpatternsandprovidethesenseofonenesssocriticalforsocialsolidarity.
○Sociologiststhinkthatculturalpatternsestablishconnectionsbetweentheindividualandthelargersociety.
○Sociologistsbelievethatindividualswithasenseofonenessbridgethegapbetweensocietyandprimarygroups.
○Sociologiststhinkprimarygroupscontributetosocialsolidaritybecausetheyhelpmaintainasociety'sculturalpatterns.
○Sociologistsbelievethattheculturalpatternsthatprovidesocialsolidarityariseasbridgesfromprimarygroups.
Glaciersmoveslowlyacrossthelandwithtremendousenergy,carvingintoeventhehardestrockformationsandtherebyreshapingthelandscapeastheyengulf,push,drag,andfinallydepositrockdebrisinplacesfarfromitsoriginallocation.
(2)
○Asaglaciermoves,itleavesbehindrockformationsthathavebeenengulfed,pushed,anddraggedbytheglacier.
○Glaciersreshapethelandscapebycarvingintorockandtransportingtheresultingdebristodistantlocations.
○Glacierscarvethehardestrockformationswithgreatenergyandslowlyreshapethemintodebris.
○Thetremendousenergyofslowlymovingglacierstransportsandfinallydepositsrockdebrisintolargerockformations.
Thoughitmaybedifficulttoimaginefromalaterperspective,astrainofcriticalopinioninthe1920spredictedthatsoundfilmwouldbeatechnicalnoveltythatwouldsoonfadefromsight,justashadmanypreviousattempts,datingwellbackbeforetheFirstWorldWar,tolinkimageswithrecordedsound.
○Itwasdifficultforsomecriticsinthe1920stoimaginewhytheideaofsoundfilmhadfadedfromsightwellbeforetheFirstWorldWar.
○Assurprisingasitseemstoday,somecriticsinthe1920sbelievedthatthenewattemptsatsoundfilmswouldfadejustasquicklyastheattemptsmadebeforetheFirstWorldWar.
○Thoughsomeearlycriticsthoughtthatsoundfilmwouldfade,itspopularityduringtheFirstWorldWarprovedthatitwasnotsimplyatechnicalnovelty.
○AlthoughsomecriticspredictedwellbeforetheFirstWorldWarthatsoundfilmwouldbeanimportanttechnicalinnovation,itwasnotattempteduntilthe1920s.
Indeed,stabilityofthebiologicalclock'speriodisoneofitsmajorfeatures,evenwhentheorganism'senvironmentissubjectedtoconsiderablechangesinfactors,suchastemperature,thatwouldbeexpectedtoaffectbiologicalactivitystrongly.
○Stability,afeatureofthebiologicalclock'speriod,dependsonchangeablefactorssuchastemperature.
○Amajorfeatureofthebiologicalclockisthatitsperioddoesnotchangedespitesignificantchangesintheenvironment.
○Afactorsuchastemperatureisanimportantfeatureintheestablishmentofthebiologicalclock'speriod.
○Biologicalactivityisnotstronglyaffectedbychangesintemperature.
Inequalitiesofgenderhavealsoexistedinpastoralistsocieties,buttheyseemtohavebeensoftenedbytheabsenceofsteephierarchiesofwealthinmostcommunities,andalsobytherequirementthatwomenacquiremostoftheskillsofmen,including,often,theirmilitaryskills.
○Despitethefactthatwealthisrelativelyevenlydistributedinpastoralsocieties,genderinequalitystillexistsbecauseonlymencanacquiremilitaryskillsandsocialstatus.
○Inequalitiesofgenderexistedinpastoralistsocietiesuntilmostcommunitiesbegantorequirewomentopossessthesameskillsasmenandtakepartinthemilitary.
○Inequalitiesofgenderinpastoralistsocietieswerecausedbysteephierarchiesofwealthanddifferencesinmilitarytrainingbetweenmenandwomen.
○Inpastoralsocieties,genderinequalityiscomparativelymildbecausewealthisrelativelyevenlydistributedandwomenhavetolearnmostofthesameskillsthatmendo.
ContrarytotheargumentsofsomethatmuchofthepacificwassettledbyPolynesiansaccidentallymaroonedafterbeinglostandadrift,itseemsreasonablethatthisfeatwasaccomplishedbydeliberatecolonizationexpeditionsthatsetoutfullystockedwithfoodanddomesticatedplantsandanimals.
○SomepeoplehavearguedthatthePacificwassettledbytraderswhobecamelostwhiletransportingdomesticatedplantsandanimals.
○TheoriginalPolynesiansettlerswereprobablymaroonedontheislands,buttheymayhavebeenjoinedlaterbycarefullypreparedcolonizationexpeditions.
○Althoughitseemsreasonabletobelievethatcolonizationexpeditionswouldsetoutfullystocked,thisiscontradictedbymuchoftheevidence.
○ThesettlementofthePacificislandswasprobablyintentionalandwellplannedratherthanaccidentalassomepeoplehaveproposed.
Physiologicalimmaturitymaybepartofwhyinfantsandtoddlersdonotformextremelyenduringmemories,evenwhentheyhearstoriesthatpromotesuchrememberinginpreschoolers.
○Incompletephysiologicaldevelopmentmaypartlyexplainwhyhearingstoriesdoesnotimprovelong-termmemoryininfantsandtoddlers.
○Onereasonwhypreschoolersfailtocomprehendthestoriestheyhearisthattheyarephysiologicallyimmature.
○Giventhechancetohearstories,infantsandtoddlersmayformenduringmemoriesdespitephysiologicalimmaturity.
○Physiologicallymaturechildrenseemtohavenodifficultyrememberingstoriestheyheardaspreschoolers.
Butdetractorsmaintainthattheterracescouldalsohavebeencreatedbygeologicalactivity,perhapsrelatedtothegeologicforcesthatdepressedtheNorthernHemispherefarbelowthelevelofthesouth,inwhichcasetheyhavenothingwhatevertodowithMartianwater.
○Butdetractorsarguethatgeologicalactivitymayberesponsibleforthewaterassociatedwiththeterraces.
○Butdetractorsarguethattheterracesmayhavebeenformedbygeologicalactivityratherthanbythepresenceofwater.
○ButdetractorsarguethattheterracesmayberelatedtogeologicalforcesintheNorthernHemisphereofMars,ratherthantoMartianwaterinthesouth.
○ButdetractorsarguethatgeologicalforcesdepressedtheNorthernHemispheresofarbelowthelevelofthesouththattheterracescouldnothavebeenformedbywater.
Hethensetupexperimentswithcagedstarlingsandfoundthattheirorientationwas,infact,inthepropermigratorydirectionexceptwhentheskywasovercast,atwhichtimestherewasnocleardirectiontotheirrestlessmovements.
○Experimentsrevealedthatcagedstarlingsdisplayedalackofdirectionalsenseandrestlessmovements.
○Experimentsrevealedthatcagedstarlingswereunabletoorientthemselvesinthedirectionoftheirnormalmigratoryroute.
○Experimentsrevealedthattherestlessmovementofcagedstarlingshadnocleardirection.
○Experimentsrevealedthatcagedstarlings'orientationwasaccurateunlesstheweath
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