voa3.docx
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voa3.docx
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voa3
ThisistheVOASpecialEnglishHealthReport.
Themedicaltermforabrokenboneisafracture.Buttherearedifferentkindsoffractures.
Asinglefractureiswhenaboneisbrokeninjustoneplace.Youmayhaveheardthetermhairlinefracture.Thisisasinglefracturethatisverysmall,likethewidthofahair.Acompletefractureiswhenthebonecomesapart.
Whenaboneisbrokeninmorethantwoplacesorgetscrushed,thenameforitisacomminutedfracture.
Stillanotherconditioniscalledabowingfracture.Thishappenswithabonethatbendsbutdoesnotbreak.Ithappensmostlyinchildren.
Everheardofagreenstickfracture?
Thisiswhenaboneisbentandbreaksalongonlyoneside,likeayoungstickofwood.
Anotherkindofbreakisanopenorcompoundfracture.Thisiswhenthebonebreakstheskin.Thisisveryserious.Alongwiththebonedamagethereisariskofinfectionintheopenwound.
Alotofthingshappenasthebodyreactstoaninjurylikeabrokenbone.Youmightsuddenlyfeellightheaded.Youmightalsofeelsicktoyourstomach.
Peoplewhoareseriouslyinjuredcangointoshock.Theymightfeelcold,dizzyandunabletothinkclearly.Shockrequiresimmediatemedicalattention.
Butwhilebrokenbonescanbepainful,theyaregenerallynotlife-threatening.Still,brokenbonesshouldbetreatedquicklybecausetheycanrestrictbloodfloworcausenervedamage.Also,thebreakwillstarttorepairitself,soyouwanttomakesuretheboneislinedupcorrectly.
X-raysaretakentoseethebreak.Treatmentdependsonthekindoffracturethatisidentified.
Adoctorsetsabrokenbonetomakesureitisinthecorrectposition.Severebreaksmayrequireanoperationtoholdthebonetogetherwithmetalplatesandscrews.
Then,ahardcastmaybeputaroundtheareaofthebreaktoholdtheboneinplacewhileitheals.Castsareusuallywornforonetotwomonths.Insomecases,insteadofacast,asplintmadeofplasticormetalwillbesecuredovertheareatorestrictmovement.
BonesneedcalciumandvitaminDtogrowandreachtheirfullstrength.Keepingbonesstrongwithexercisemayalsohelppreventfractures,especiallyifyouweartherightsportsprotectionduringactivities.Ifyouthinkelbowandkneepadsmightberestrictive,trywearingacast.
Andthat'stheVOASpecialEnglishHealthReport,writtenbyCatyWeaver.Transcripts,ofourreportsareat.I'mSteveEmber.
ThisistheVOASpecialEnglishHealthReport.
Evidenceisincreasingthatcommoninfluenzavirusesarebecomingresistanttothemaindrugusedtotreatthem.Thedrugisoseltamivir,alsoknownasTamiflu.
ThemostcommonseasonalfluvirusfoundintheUnitedStatesthisyearistypeA(H1N1).Duringthelastfluseason,twelvepercentofH1N1virusestestedintheUnitedStateswereresistanttoTamiflu.Thisyear,researchersattheCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionsayresistanceisclosetoonehundredpercent.Still,theysayearlyreportsshowthatfluactivityhasbeenlowsofarthisyear.
TheresearchteamisreportingitsfindingsintheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociation.AliciaFryledtheteam.DoctorFrysaysitisbettertopreventthefluthantohavetotreatit.Andthebestformofprevention,shesays,isgettingvaccinatedeachyearagainstinfluenza.
Viruseschange,ormutate,sofluvaccinesmustbereformulatedeachyeartotargetthemostcommonthreats.
Butlastweek,twoteamsworkingindependentlyreportedadiscoverythatcouldhelpleadtoauniversalfluvaccine.Thehopeistodevelopavaccinethatcouldgivelifelongprotectionagainstamajorityoffluviruses,includingbirdflu.
Thescientistsidentifiedaproteinthatinactivatesthefluvirusbeforeitcanmutate.
Oneteamusedanantibodyfoundinblooddonatedbyanindividual.ScientistIanWilsonattheScrippsResearchInstituteinCaliforniasaystheantibodiesprovedhighlyeffectiveinlaboratorymiceexposedtodeadlylevelsofvirus.Hesaystheygavecompleteprotectionifadministeredimmediatelyanduptofiftypercentprotectionifadministereduptofivedayslater.
Theresearcherssaymany,ifnotall,peoplelikelyhavetheseantibodiesbutdonotalwaysproduceorusethemefficiently.
ThestudyisinthejournalScience.
ThefindingsappearedjustdaysafteranotherteamreporteditsfindingsinthejournalNatureStructuralandMolecularBiology.Thatteamusedalmostthesamemethodsbutworkedwithengineeredantibodies.
WayneMarascooftheDana-FarberCancerInstituteinMassachusettswastheleadauthorofthatstudy.Hesaysidentifyinghumanantibodiesthatwillstoptheabilityofthevirustoreinventitselfisthefirststep.Nextcomesusingthemtodevelopdrugstofightandtreatinfluenza.Andthat,hesays,couldrequireatleastthreemoreyearsofresearchtoreachthepointoftestinginpeople.
Andthat’stheVOASpecialEnglishHealthReport,writtenbyCatyWeaver.I’mMarioRitter.
ThisistheVOASpecialEnglishHealthReport.
AnewstudyintheUnitedStatessaysmentaldisordersappeartobecommonincollege-ageadults,butmostdonotseektreatment.
ResearchersattheNewYorkStatePsychiatricInstituteandColumbiaUniversityinNewYorkCitydidthestudy.ItappearsthismonthintheArchivesofGeneralPsychiatry.
Youngpeople
Thestudycomparedthementalhealthofcollegestudentstothatofnon-studentsthesameage.AbouthalfofAmericansageeighteentotwenty-fourattendcollege.
Theinformationusedinthestudycamefromfivethousandcollege-agemenandwomen.Theywerequestionedforanationalsurveybetweentwothousandoneandtwothousandtwo.Abouttwothousandofthemwerecollegestudents.
Thequestionerswerenotdoctorsbuttrainedinterviewers.Thequestionswerebasedonsymptomslistedinabookwidelyusedbydoctorstoidentifymentaldisorders.
Theresearchersfoundthattwentypercentofcollegestudentsabusedalcohol--themostcommondisorderinthatgroup.Personalitydisorders,likeobsessivecompulsivedisorder,camenext.Thestudysaysalmosteighteenpercentofcollegestudentsappearedtohaveapersonalitydisorder.Thatwastrueofabouttwenty-twopercentofthosenotincollege.
Thecollegestudentswerealsolesslikelytohaveadrug-usedisorder,nicotinedependenceorbipolardisorder.Andtheywerelesslikelytohaveusedtobacco.Buttheirriskofalcoholdisorderswasgreater.
TheNationalInstitutesofHealthandtheAmericanFoundationforSuicidePreventionhelpedpayforthestudy.
Overall,thestudyfoundthatalmosthalfofallthecollege-ageindividualsshowedsignsofatleastonepsychiatricdisorder.Theresearcherssaythisagegroupmaybeespeciallysensitivetodisordersbecauseofthegreatpressuresofenteringadulthood.Yettheysayonlyone–fourthsoughttreatment.
JosephGlenmullenisapsychiatristatHarvardMedicalSchoolwhobelievesthatpsychiatricmedicationsareoverused.HetoldtheBloombergnewsagencythatthefindingofapsychiatricdisorderinabouthalfofthosestudied"seemsextraordinarilyhigh."
Hesaysitmayrepresentwhathecalled"awateringdownofthediagnosticcriteriasuchthattheycapturemorepeoplewithmildersymptoms.''Whatheissayingisthatmorepeoplemaybetoldtheyhaveamentaldisorderbecausethedefinitionshavebeenwidened.
Andthat'stheVOASpecialEnglishHealthReport.I'mSteveEmber.
ThisistheVOASpecialEnglishHealthReport.
Bethesda,Maryland,nearWashington,D.C.,ishometotheNationalInstitutesofHealth.N.I.H.callsitself"theNation'sMedicalResearchAgency.(美国国家卫生研究所)"Butitsupportsresearchworldwidewithitsbudgetofalmosttwenty-ninebilliondollars.
FederalagencieswillgetnewleaderswhenBarackObamaispresident.ButtheheadofN.I.H.resignedearly.EliasZerhounileftattheendofOctoberaftersixandahalfyearsasdirector.
Fornow,theactingdirectorisRaynardKington.DoctorKingtonhasbeendeputydirectorforthepastfiveyears.DirectorsareappointedbythepresidentandconfirmedbytheSenate.
TheNationalInstitutesofHealthhadstrongfinancialsupportduringDoctorZerhouni'sfirsttwoyears.ButCongressdidnotincreasethebudgetverymuchafterthat.
AlbertReeceisdeanoftheUniversityofMarylandmedicalschool.Hesaysthatsincetwothousandfour,N.I.H.'sbudgethasbeenreducedbymorethanthirteenpercentafterconsideringinflation.
DoctorReece,writingintheBaltimoreSun,urgedPresident-electObamatoincreasethefunding.Itwouldnotonlyimprovethenation'shealth,hesays,butalsohelprestarttheeconomy.MedicalcentersfundedbyN.I.H.,hesaid,supportmorethanthreemillionfull-timejobs.
Rightnow,theObamateamislookingatexecutiveorderssignedbyPresidentBush.ThosethatconflictwithMisterObama'spositionscouldbecanceledoramended.Oneareabeinglookedatisstemcellresearch.Stemcellscangrowintoanykindoftissueinthebody.
PresidentBushhasrestrictedfederalsupportforresearchonembryonicstemcellsbecauseofhisbeliefsaboutprotectinglife.Otherssaytheembryoswouldbedestroyedanywaybecausetheyareunusedembryosfromfertilityclinics.
MisterObamasaystheresearchmayleadtoimprovedtreatmentsforAlzheimer'sdiseaseandotherconditions.Hesaysothertreatmentsbeingstudiedarenotsubstitutesforresearchonembryonicstemcells.Hehascalledforexpandedfederalsupport.
DoctorZerhounitoldCongresslastyearthathethoughtthelimitswereinterferingwithresearch.
PoliticalappointeeshavetoresignwhentheadministrationchangesinJanuary.ButEliasZerhounisaysheleftbeforetheelectionsothenextpresidentwouldhavetostartthinkingearlyaboutN.I.H.Hesayshewants
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