Unit28 Wireless SensorNetwork.docx
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Unit28 Wireless SensorNetwork.docx
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Unit28WirelessSensorNetwork
Unit28WirelessSensorNetworks
KeyWordsandTerms
1.wirelesssensornetworks无线传感器网络
2.exponentialadj.指数的,含有幂数的
3.throughoutn.生产量,通过量
4.infrastructuren.基本设施
5.overviewn.概观,概述
6.thermostatn.自动调温器,恒温器
7.dampern.风门,节气阀
8.intriguingadj.迷人的,有迷惑力的,引起兴趣的
9.transparentlyadv.明亮地,显然地
10.symbioticaladj.共生现象,协作的
11.joystickn.操作杆
12.sporadicallyadv.偶发地,零星地
13.ranchn.大农场
14.estrusn.动情期
15.irrigationv.灌溉,修水利
16.labor-intensiven.劳动密集
17.ventilatev.使通风
18.transceivern.无线电收发机,收发器
19.mercuryn.汞
20.microcantilevern.微机械构件,微悬臂梁
NotationsandTranslation
Inrecentyears,thedesireforconnectivityhascausedanexponentialgrowthinwirelesscommunication.Wirelessdatanetworks,inparticular,haveledthistrendduetotheincreasingexchangeofdatainInternetservicessuchastheWorldWideWeb,E-mail,anddatafiletransfers.Thecapabilitiesneededtodeliversuchservicesarecharacterizedbyanincreasingneedfordatathroughputinthenetwork;applicationsnowunderdevelopment,suchaswirelessmultimediadistributioninthehome,indicatethatthistrendwillcontinue.WirelessLocalAreaNetworks(WLANs)provideanexampleofthisphenomenon.
Otherpotentialwirelessnetworkapplicationsexist,however.Theseapplications,whichhaverelaxedthroughputrequirementsandoftenmeasuredinafewbitsperday,includeindustrialcontrolandmonitoring;homeautomationandconsumerelectronics;securityandmilitarysensing;assettrackingandsupplychainmanagement;intelligentagriculture;andhealthmonitoring.Becausemostoftheselow-data-rateapplicationsinvolvesensingofoneformoranother,networkssupportingthemhavebeencalledwirelesssensornetworks,orLow-RateWirelessPersonalAreaNetworks(LR-WPANs),becausetheyrequireshort-rangelinkswithoutapreexistinginfrastructure.Anoverviewofapplicationofwirelesssensornetworkstohomeautomation,consumerelectronics,intelligentagricultureandenvironmentalsensingfollows.
然而,还存在其他潜在的无线网络应用。
这些应用对流量的要求不高且通常只是每天几位的流量,包括工业控制与监测、家庭自动化与消费电子、安全与军事检测、资产跟踪与供应链管理、智能农业以及健康监测等。
由于大多数的这些低速率应用包含检测各种各样的信号,支持的网络就称为无线传感网络;或者低速无线个人区域网络,即这些应用要求是:
在小的范围内可以不存在有线网络基础设施。
Thehomeisaverylargeapplicationspaceforwirelesssensornetworks.Manyoftheindustrialapplicationsjustdescribedhaveparallelsinthehome.Forexample,ahomeheating,ventilating,andairconditioning(HVAC)systemequippedwithwirelessthermostatsanddamperscankeeptheroomsonthesunnysideofthehousecomfortable–—withoutchillingtheoccupantsontheshadysideofthehouse—moreeffectivelythanahomeequippedwithonlyasingle,wiredthermostat.①However,manyotheropportunitiesareavailable.
Oneapplicationisthe“universal”remotecontrol,apersonaldigitalassistant(PDA)-typedevicethatcancontrolnotonlythetelevision,DVDplayer,stereo,andotherhomeelectronicequipment,butthelights,curtains,andlocksthatarealsoequippedwithawirelesssensornetworkconnection.Withtheuniversalremotecontrol,onemaycontrolthehousefromthecomfortofone’sarmchair.Itsmostintriguingpotential,however,comesfromthecombinationofmultipleservices,suchashavingthecurtainscloseautomaticallywhenthetelevisionisturnedto,orperhapsautomaticallymutingthehomeentertainmentsystemwhenacallisreceivedonthetelephoneorthedoorbellrings.Withthescaleandpersonalcomputerbothconnectedviaawirelesssensornetwork,one’sweightmaybeautomaticallyrecordedwithouttheneedformanualintervention(andthepossibilityofstretchingthetruth“justthisonce”).
另一项应用是“通用”遥控,使用一个PAD类型的装置就不仅可以控制电视、DVD、立体声音响以及其他家用电子设备,还可以控制灯光、窗帘和门锁这样一些具有无线传感网络功能的设备。
Amajoruseofwirelesssensornetworksinthehomeisexpectedtobeforpersonalcomputerperipherals,suchaswirelesskeyboardsandmice.Suchapplicationstakeadvantageofthelowcostandlowpowerconsumptionthatarethesinequanon[ˌsɪneɪkwɑː'nəʊn]ofwirelesssensornetworks.Anotherapplicationinthehomeissensor-basedinformationappliancesthattransparentlyinteractandworksymbioticallytogetheraswellaswiththehomeoccupant.ThesenetworksareanextensionoftheinformationappliancesproposedbyNorman.
sinequanon必须资格,必要条件
symbioticaladj.共生现象,协作的
无线传感网络的一个主要应用可以看成是个人计算机的外设,如无线键盘、无线鼠标。
这些应用利用了低成本、低功耗这些无线传感网络的必要条件的优势。
另一项在家庭中的应用是基于传感器的信息家电,这些信息家电可以和居住者之间“透明”地相互作用并协同工作。
这种网络是诺尔曼所提出的信息家电概念的延伸。
Toysrepresentanotherlargemarketforwirelesssensornetworks.Thelistoftoysthatcanbeenhancedorenabledbywirelesssensornetworksislimitedonlybyone’simagination,andrangefromconventionalradio-controlledcarsandboatstocomputergamesemployingwirelessjoysticksandcontrollers.Aparticularlyintriguingfieldispersonalcomputer(PC)-enhancedtoys,whichemploythecomputingpowerofanearbycomputertoenrichthebehaviorofthetoyitself.Forexample,speechrecognitionandsynthesismaybeperformedbyplacingthemicrophoneandspeakerinthetop,alongwiththeappropriateanalog-to-digitalanddigital-to-analogconverters,butemployingawirelessconnectiontothecomputer,whichperformstherecognitionandsynthesisfunctions.Bynotusingtherelativelyexpensiveyetlimitedspeechrecognitionandsynthesiscircuitsinthetoy,andusingthe(muchmorepowerful)computingpoweralreadypresentinthecomputer,thecostofthetoymaybesignificantlyreduced,whilegreatlyimprovingthecapabilitiesandperformanceofthetoy.Itisalsopossibletogivethetoycomplexbehaviorthatisnotpracticaltoimplementinothertechnologies.②
butadv.只,仅仅Heleft~onehourago他一小时前刚离开
synthesis['sinθisis;'sinθəsis]n.合成,综合,综合分析
玩具是无线传感网络的另一个大的市场。
可以用无线传感网络来增强功能或者使能的玩具清单,只要想得到就可以做得到;从传统的遥控汽车、船只到装备无线操纵杆和无线控制器的计算机游戏。
一个特别迷人的领域是用个人计算机增强玩具的功能,即利用附近的计算机的计算功能来提高玩具的性能。
例如,通过给玩具装备麦克风与扬声器再加上适当的数模转换器和模数转换器,仅仅利用与计算机的无线连接,就可以用计算机实现语音识别与合成。
AnothermajorhomeapplicationisanextensionoftheRemoteKeylessEntry(RKE)featurefoundonmanyautomobiles.Withwirelesssensornetworks,wirelesslocks,doorandwindowsensors,andwirelesslightcontrols,thehomeownermayhaveadevicesimilartoakeyfobwithabutton.Whenthisbuttonispressed,thedevicelocksallthedoorsandwindowsinthehome,turnsoffmostindoorlights(saveafewnightlights),turnsonoutdoorsecuritylights,andsetsthehome’sHVACsystemtonighttime(sleeping)mode.Theuserreceivesareassuring“beep”oncethisisalldonesuccessfully,andsleepssoundly,knowingthatthehomeissecure.Shouldadoorbeleftopen,orsomeotherproblemexists,asmalldisplayonthedeviceindicatesthesourceofthetrouble.Thenetworkmayevenemployafullhomesecuritysystemtodetectabrokenwindoworothertrouble.
Outsideofthehome,thelocation-awarecapabilitiesofwirelesssensornetworksaresuitableforadiversecollectionofconsumer-relatedactivities,includingtourismandshopping.Intheseapplications,locationcanbeusedtoprovidecontext-specificinformationtotheconsumer.Inthecaseofthetourismguide,theuserisprovidedonlyinformationrelevanttotheproductsbeforehim,includingsaleitemsandspecialdiscountsandoffers.
context-specific上下文特定的
Atextbookexampleoftheuseofwirelesssensornetworksinagricultureistheraingauge.Largefarmsandranchesmaycoverseveralsquaremiles,andtheymayreceiverainonlysporadicallyandonlyonsomeportionsofthefarm.Irrigationisexpensive,soitisimportanttoknowwhichfieldshavereceivedrain,sothatirrigationmaybeomitted,andwhichfieldshavenotandmustbeirrigated.Suchanapplicationisidealforwirelesssensornetworks.Theamountofdatasentoverthenetworkcanbeverylow(aslowasonebit-“yesorno”-inresponsetothe“Diditraintoday?
”query),andthemessagelatencycanbeontheorderofminutes.Yet,costsmustbelow,andpowerconsumptionmustbelowenoughfortheentirenetworktolastanentiregrowingseason.
raingauge雨量计
theorderof~~的数量级
Thewirelesssensorsnetworkiscapableofmuchmorethanjustsoilmoisturemeasurements,however,becausethenetworkcanbefittedwithanear-infinitevarietyofchemicalandbiologicalsensors.③Thedatathatisprovidedbysuchanetworkiscapableofprovidingthefarmerwithagraphicalviewofsoilmoisture;temperature;theneedforpesticides,herbicides,andfertilizers;receivedsunshine;andmanyotherquantities.Thistypeofapplicationisespeciallyimportantinvineyards,wheresubtleenvironmentalchangesmayhavelargeeffectsonthevalueofthecropandhowitisprocessed.
pesticide['pestisaid;'pesti.said]杀虫剂
herbicide['hə:
bisaid;'hə:
bə.said]除草剂
suicide['sui.said;'su:
i.said]n.自杀,自杀者,自取灭亡的行为adj.自杀性的
fertilizer肥料
Thelocationdeterminationfeaturesofmanywirelesssensornetworksalsomaybeusedinadvancedcontrolsystemstoenablemoreautomationoffarmingequipment.④
Manyapplicationsofwirelesssensornetworksarealsousedonranches.Ranchersmayusewirelesssensornetworksinthelocationdeterminationofanimalswithintheranchand,withsensorsplacedoneachanimal,determinetheneedfortreatmentstopreventparasites.Dairy['dɛəri]farmersmayusewirelesssensorstodeterminetheonsetofestrusincattle,alabor-intensivemanualprocessatpresent.Hogandchickenfarmerstypicallyhavemanyanimalsincooled,ventilatedbarns.Shouldthetemperatureriseexcessively,manythousandsofanimalsmaybelost.Wirelesssensornetworkscanbeusedtomonitorthetemperaturethroughoutthebarn,keepingtheanimalssafe.
许多的无线传感器网络应用于大农场。
他们将无线传感器网络用于农场内畜禽的定位。
可以将传感器安装在畜禽的身上,以确定是否需要采取措施预防寄生虫。
奶农们可以将无线传感器安装在奶牛的身上以确定它们的发情期,这个工作在现在是一个劳动强度很大的手工活。
养猪棚和养鸡棚内通常都有许多的畜禽,要求凉快、通风良好。
如果温度升高太多,数以千计的畜禽就会死亡。
将无线传感网络用于养猪棚或养鸡棚的各处,可以保
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