外文翻译对防火安全因素的讨论.docx
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外文翻译对防火安全因素的讨论.docx
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外文翻译对防火安全因素的讨论
DISCUSSIONOFFIRESAFETYMATRIX
Thefiresafetymatrixconsidersthebuildingheight,sprinklerprotectionandtheemergencystrategyastheprimaryvariables.Thisisduetothehighinfluencethattheinteractionsofthesevariableshaveonotherfiresafetymeasures.Inadditiontothis,thefireengineercanspecifytheemergencystrategyandsprinklerprotectionforthebuildingthatwillprovideflexibilitytothematrix.Thereforeoncetheextentofthesethreevariableshasbeendeterminedtheremainingfiresafetysystemscanbeselectedtosuitthebuilding.
Theobjectiveofthefiresafetyrecommendationsistoaddresskeyissuesthatresultfromagivensetofbuildingcharacteristics,whileprovidingmultiplelevelsofprotectionforoccupantsintheeventofafire.Thisprovidesabackuporredundancyinthedesignintheeventofonepartofthesystemfailing.Forexample,ifthesprinklersystemfailstheoccupantswillbeprotectedwithpassiveprotectionandsmokecontrolsystems.
Thefollowingsectionsdiscussthethreebuildingheightlimitswithrespecttothefiresafetymeasuresthathavebeenrecommended.Thestagedevacuationstrategyhasnotbeendiscussedseparatelyasitisacombinationoftheothertwostrategiesandthesamefundamentalprinciplesapply.
1Buildingsgreaterthan25minheight.
Oncebuildingsexceed25minheight,theabilityofthefirebrigadetorescueoccupantsexternallybecomeslimited.Therefore,ahigherleveloffiresafetyneedstobeprovidedtothestairsandescapepaths.Emergencyliftsarealsoconsideredanoptiontoproviderapidaccessforthefirebrigadeandegressfordisabledoccupants.
Asbuildingsbecometallertheleveloffireprotectionneedstoincrease.Thisisdueto:
1Furthertraveldistances,resultinginahigherchanceofexposuretofireandfire
products,andlongerexposuretime.
2Thereducedabilityofthefirebrigadetorescuepeopleexternally
3Theincreasedtimeforthefirebrigadetoreachupperlevels
4Moreoccupants,resultinginahigherriskofinjuryanddeaths
5Thereisagreatervariabilityinoccupantabilitiesandhumanbehaviour,dueto
thegreaternumberofoccupants
5Therearemoresourcesofignitionandfire
1.1Evacuationinbuildingsgreaterthan25m
Anevacuationstrategyreliesontheprotectionofegresspaths,aswellastheprotectionofoccupantsintheirapartmentsbeforeevacuation.Theprotectionofegresspathsiscriticaltoensureoccupantsarenotevacuatingthroughuntenableconditions.Inbuildingsgreaterthan25mhigh,egressdistancescanbeconsiderableandtherefore,thetimeoccupantsspendinescapepathscanbesignificant.
Inasprinklerprotectedbuilding,protectionisprovidedby:
1.Thesprinklersystem.Thesprinklerswillactivateandextinguishorcontrolthefire,reducingthethreattooccupants.
2.Compartmentationandmechanicalsystems.Rooms,corridorsandstairshaftsarerecommendedtohaveaFRRofatleast30minutes.Thiswillcontainthefireintheroomoforiginandprotectoccupantsbeforeandduringegress.Self-closersprovidedondoorsaretoensurethefiredoesnotspreadtothecorridor.Thestairsaretobepressurisedtolimitsmokespread,provideapartialsafeegresspathsandprovideasmokefreeareaforthefirebrigade.
3.Thefinallevelofprotectionisthefirebrigade.Thefirebrigade’srolewouldbetoassistanyremainingoccupantsandextinguishthefire.Aconnectiontothefirebrigadewillbeprovidedtoachieveafasterresponse.Inanon-sprinklerprotectedbuildingthesystemsofprotectionare2and3,aslistedabove,howeverthefollowingotherfiresafetymeasureswillbeintroducedtoincreasethelevelofprotection:
1.AnincreasedFRRto60minutesminimum.Thisistoprovideadditionaltimeforoccupantevacuationandfirebrigadeintervention.IfoccupantschoosetostayintheirapartmentstheincreasedFRRwillprovideahigherlevelofprotection.
2.Connectiontothefirebrigade.Toensureafasterresponsebythebrigadetoafire.
3.Emergencyliftstoaidegressandfirebrigadeaccess
4.Zonedsmokecontrolsystem.Thisistoensuresmokespreadthroughthebuildingisminimised.Thisshouldincludestairandcorridorpressurisationtoreducethechanceofsmokespreadintotheescapepaths.
5.Liftandstairlobbiestoprovideanadditionalbarrieragainstsmokeandanareawhereoccupantscanwaitforliftsorfurtherinstructions.Theseareascanbeusedasrefugeareasorotherpressurisedrefugeareasshouldbeprovided.
6.Emergencywarningandintercommunicationsystem.Thiswillallowoccupantstocommunicatewiththefirebrigadeandinformthemifassistanceisrequired.
7.Additionalprotectedstairsorreducedtraveldistances,asatrade-offforthelimitedabilityofthefirebrigadetoexternallyrescueoccupants.
1.2Non-evacuationinbuildingsgreaterthan25m
Anon-evacuationstrategyreliesontheprotectionoftheoccupantsintheirapartments.Thereisagreaterrelianceonthefirebrigadetoextinguishthefireandassistoccupants,ifevacuationisnecessary,duringandafterthefireisextinguished.
Inasprinklerprotectedbuilding,protectionisprovidedby:
1.Thesprinklersystem.
2.Compartmentationandmechanicalsystems.TheroomsarerecommendedtohaveaFRRofatleast60minutesandtoprotecttheoccupants.Thefireresistanceratingshouldbedesignedsocompleteburnoutoftheapartmentwillnotresultinfurtherfirespread.Self-closersandsmokesealsshouldbeprovidedonalldoorsopeningintocorridors.Thisistocontainthefireintheapartmentoforiginandreducesmokespreadtootherapartments.Intheory,therewillbeatleasttwodoorswithsmokesealsbetweenthefireandoccupants.
3.Thefinallevelofprotectionisthefirebrigade.Thebuildingalarmshouldbeconnectedtothefirebrigadetoreducetheresponsetime.Inanon-sprinklerprotectedbuildingthesystemsofprotectionare2and3,aslistedabove,howeverthefollowingotherfiresafetymeasureswillbeintroducedtoincreasethelevelofprotection:
1.IncreaseFRRto90minutes(minimum).Thisistoensurecompleteburnoutoccursbeforefurtherfirespread.
2.Emergencyliftstoaidegressandfirebrigadeaccess
3.Liftandstairlobbiestoprovideprotectionforthefirebrigade,orareasofrefugeifoccupantschoosetoescape.
4.Stairpressurisationtoprovideasmokefreepathforthefirebrigade
5.Emergencywarningandintercommunicationsystem.Thiswillallowoccupantstocommunicatewiththefirebrigadeandinformthemofanyassistancethatisrequired.Itwillalsoprovideameansforthefirebrigadetoinstructtheoccupants.
2Buildingsgreaterthanthreestoreysandlessthan25m
Buildingsthataregreaterthanthreestoreysandlessthan25m,havedifferentfiresafetyissuesthanbuildingsgreaterthan25m.Themostnotableoftheseisthefirebrigadeisabletorescueoccupantsandfightthefireexternally,providedadequateaccessisprovidedandawindowexists.Thetraveldistancesarealsoreduced,decreasingthetimeforoccupantstoevacuateandthefirebrigadetoreachthefire.Thetransferofinformationmayalsoincrease,asoccupantsarerelativelyclosertogether.
Thisincreasestheirabilitytocommunicatewithotheroccupantsandtoperceivevisualandaudiblecues.
2.1Evacuationinbuildingsgreaterthanthreestoreysandlessthan25m
Thisemergencystrategyreliesontheprotectionoftheegresspathsaswellastheprotectionoftheoccupantsintheircompartmentsbeforetheyevacuate.Theprotectionoftheegresspathsiscriticaltoensureoccupantsarenotevacuatingthroughuntenableconditions.Egresstraveldistancesarelessandtherefore,thedurationofoccupantexposuretosmokeisreduced.
Inasprinklerprotectedbuilding,protectionisprovidedby:
1.Thesprinklersystem.
2.Compartmentationandmechanicalsystems.Theapartments,corridorsandstairshaftsarerecommendedtohaveaFRRofatleast30minutes.Thiswillprotectoccupantsbeforeandduringegress.Self-closersandsmokesealsshouldbeprovidedonallescapepathdoors.
3.Thefinallevelofprotectionisthefirebrigade.
Inanon-sprinklerprotectedbuildingthelevelsofprotectionare2and3,howeverthefollowingotherfiresafetymeasureswillbeintroducedtoincreasethelevelofprotection:
1.IncreaseFRRtoatleast60minutestoallowthecompleteburnoutoftheapartmentwithoutfirespreadintothecorridorsoradjacentrooms.
2.Self-closersondoorstocontainthefireandsmokespread.
3.Refugeareasinstairsfordisabledoccupants.
4.Stairlobbiestoprovidetwosmokeandfirebarriersforoccupantsinthestair
refugeareas.
2.2Nonevacuationinbuildingsgreaterthanthreestoreysandlessthan25m
Anon-evacuationstrategyreliesonprotectionofoccupantsintheirapartments.Thereisagreaterrelianceonthefirebrigadetoextinguishthefireandassistintheevacuationafterthefireisextinguished.Thefirebrigadecanrescueoccupantsexternallyvialaddersandfightthefireexternally.
Inasprinklerprotectedbuildingthelevelsofprotectionare:
1.Thesprinklersystem.
2.Compartmentationandmechanicalsystems.TheroomswillhavearecommendedFRRofatleast60minutestoprotecttheoccupants.Thefireresistanceratingshouldbedesignedsothatthecompleteburnoutoftheapartmentwillnotresultinfurtherfirespread.Self-closersandsmokesealsshouldbeprovidedonalldoors.Thisistocontainthefireintheapartmentoforiginandreducesmokespreadintootherapartments.
3.Thefinallevelofprotectionisthefirebrigade.Thebuildingalarmwillbeconnectedtothefirebrigadetoreducethefirebrigaderesponsetime.Inanon-
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