写作技巧1.docx
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写作技巧1.docx
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写作技巧1
Narration
1.Whatisnarration
1.1definition
Tonarrateistogiveanaccountofaneventoraseriesofevents.Inotherwords,anarrativerecreatesaneventorgivesasenseofitbyhelpingtheaudiencevisualizethatevent.
1.2classification
2.Strategiesforusingnarration
2.1Includethekeyelementsofnarration
Inordertomakeanarrativeeasiertofollow,youshouldoftentakethefollowingelementsintoconsideration:
1)asetting,orsomebackgroundinformation
2)agoal,ortheultimatepurposeofthewriting
3)aninitiatingevent
4)simplereaction
5)anattempt
6)anoutcome
7)theending
Insomecases,someofthemmaybeabsent.Inanysense,anarrativeshouldatleastcontainasetting,atheme,aplot,andanending.
Eg.
Ithappenedthatafoxwasambling(溜达)alongacountrylanewhenhespiedabunchofripegrapeshangingfromavine(葡萄树)highabovehishead.Hungryashewas,thefoxdeterminedtohavethosegrapesforhisdinner.Hestoodtallonhishindlegs,butcouldnotreachthegrapes.Heleapthighintheair,butmissedthegrapesandfellpainfullyontohisback.Hewastoosoretomakeafurtherattemptatthegrapes,sohesighedandturnedawaydowntheroad.“Well,”hesaidtohimself.“Thegrapeswereprobablysouranyway.”
2.2Selectsignificantdetailsfornarration
SixWs:
Who?
What?
When?
Where?
How?
Why?
◇Inselectingsignificantdetails,youshouldavoidthosedetailswhicharenotpertinenttotheabovesixquestions.
◇Fordifferentsubjectsanddifferentpurposes,youcanlaydifferentamountofemphasisoneachaspect.SometimesoneortwoofthesixWscanevenbeomitted.
Eg.
IwasstandingrightacrosstheroadtherebymycargettingreadytochangeaflattirewhenIheardthetraincoming.Justastheenginereachedthecrossing,therewasaloudgrindingsound.Andthenoisedidnotstopeither,thewayitwouldinacarwreck;itkeptgoingon,thunderingandcrashing.Allofasudden,thecoalcarsstartedtojackknife,fallingoffthetracksliketoys,withcoalpouringoutallovertheground.Coaldustanddirtwereflyingeverywhere.Then,inaminuteortwo,everythingwasstill;theonlythingmovingwasthecoal,slidingoutofthecarinpiles.Ijuststoodthereandwatched.Itwaslikesomethingyou’dseeinthemovies.
2.3Determineapurpose
2.4Chooseapointofview
Whataretheadvantagesandlimitationsofthefirstperson?
2.5Usedialoguescautiously
1)Whereitispossible,avoidunnecessaryrepetitionofthespeakers’namesorunnecessarydescriptionofthewaytheyspeak,sofarasthereadercanmakeoutwhoistalkingandwhowillfollowinturn.
Atiresomedialogue:
“Iseeyouinthecorner,”whisperedBakersoftly.
“Howdidyoufindme?
”inquiredCharlescuriously.
“Ismelledthepipeyou’vebeensmoking,”purredBakerevilly.
“Oh!
”exclaimedCharlesalarmedly.
2)Presentdialoguesinasimpleandbriefway.Don’toverloadyourwritingwithlengthydialoguesthathavevagueorlittlebearingonthepointyouwanttomake.Don’textenddialoguesinsuchawayastoturnthenarrativeintoaplay.
Eg.
I’llnotforgetmyfirst---andlast---meetingwiththatoldTexan.HecamestridingdownthelineIhadjustsurveyedonhisproperty(地产),pullingupmylinestakes(线路桩)andtossing(猛举)themoverhisshoulderashecame.Whenhegotuptomysurveyingtruck,hewasn’tevenoutofbreath:
“Getoffmyland.”
“OK.Iwill----injustaminute.Ifyou’lljust---”
“Getoffnow.”
“Yes,sir,rightnow,justlikeyousay.”
AndIdidleave,asfastaspossible.
3.Howtoorganizeanarrativeessay
3.1howtointroduceanarrativeessay
Innarrativeintroductions,thebestplanistohintatyourmainpoint,preparingyourreaderpsychologicallyforwhatistocome.
1)Themostobviouswayistogivebackgroundthereaderwillneedtounderstandthestory.
Eg.
Afterseveralmonths’jailinmyuniversity,IwassomentallytiredthatIembarkedonatriptoShanghaiontheveryfirstdayofthesummervacationin1997.ThoughIdidnotexpectmuchfromthattripexceptfreedom,itfinallyturnedouttobemymostunforgettabletripjustbecauseofagirl.
2)Anotherwaytobeginanarrativeistogodirectlyintothestoryitself.
3.2Howtodevelopthebodyofanarrativeessay
Episode
Chronologicalorder
Flashback
3.3howtoendanarrativeessay
Afrequentlyusedwaytoendanarrativeistofurtherpointoutthesignificanceoftheevent.
Eg.
Thatincidenthappenedmorethanfifteenyearsago.Myparentsandmysistermighthaveforgottenitbynow.ButFather’swordsarestillringinginmyears.
Anotherwaytoendanarrativeistohavethesignificanceimpliedandleaveittothereadertomakeitout.
ASample
IfOnly
PaulMonahan
Havingworkedata7-Elevenstorefortwoyears,IthoughtIhadbecomesuccessfulatwhatourmanagercalled“customerrelations”.Ifirmlybelievedthatafriendlysmileandanautomatic“sir”,“ma’am”,and“thankyou”wouldseemethroughanysituationthatmightarise,fromsoothingimpatientorunpleasantpeopletoapologizingforgivingoutthewrongchange.Buttheothernightanoldwomanshatteredmybeliefthataglib(口齿伶俐的)responsecouldsmoothovertheroughspotsofdealingwithotherhumanbeings.
Themomentsheentered,thewomanpresentedasharpcontrasttoourshinystorewithitsbrightlightingandneatlyarrangedshelves.Walkingasifeachstepwerepainful,sheslowlypushedopentheglassdoorandhobbled(步履蹒跚)downthenearestaisle(走廊).Shecougheddryly,wheezing(困难地呼吸)witheachbreath.Onaforty-degreenight,shewaswearingonlyafadedprintdress,athin,light-beigesweatertoosmalltobutton,andblackvinyl(乙烯基)slipperswiththebackscutouttoexposecalloused(起老茧的)heels.Therewerenostockingsorsocksonhersplotchy(脏兮兮的),blue-veinedlegs.
Afterstrollingaroundthestoreforseveralminutes,theoldwomanstoppedinfrontoftherowsofcannedvegetables.Shepickedupsomecornnibletsandstaredwithastrangeintensityatthelabel.Atthatpoint,Idecidedtobeagood,courteousemployeeandaskedherifsheneededhelp.AsIstoodclosetoher,mysmilebecamehardertomaintain;herred-rimmedeyeswerepartiallyclosedbyyellowishcrusts(硬皮);herhandswerecoveredwithlayeruponlayerofgrime(尘垢),andthestalesmellofsweatroseinathickvaporouscloudfromherclothes.
“Ineedsomefood,”shemutteredinreplytomybright“CanIhelpyou?
”
“Areyoulookingforcorn,ma’am?
”
“Ineedsomefood,”sherepeated.“Anykind.”
“Well,thecorn’snight-fivecents,”Isaidinmymosthelpfulvoice.“Or,ifyoulike,wehaveaspecialonbologna(大腊肠)today.”
“Ican’tpay,”shesaid.
Forasecond,Iwastemptedtosay,“Takethecorn.”Buttheemployeerulesfloodedintomymind:
Remainpolite,butdonotletcustomersgetthebestofyou.Letthemknowyouareincontrol.Foramoment,Ievenentertainedtheideathatthiswassomesortoftest,andthatthiswomanwassomeonefromtheheadoffice,testingmyloyalty.Irespondeddutifully,“I’msorry,ma’am,butIcan’tgiveawayanythingforfree.”
Theoldwoman’sfacecollapsedabitmore,ifthatwerepossible,andherhandstrembledassheputthecanbackontheshelf.Sheshuffled(慢慢吞吞地走)pastmetowardthedoor,hertornanddutyclothingbarelycoveringherbentback.
Momentsaftersheleft,Irushedoutthedoorwiththecanofcorn,butshewasnowhereinsight.Fortherestofmyshift,theimageofthewomanhauntedme.Ihadbeenyoung,healthy,andsmug.Shehadbeenold,sick,anddesperate.WhishingwithallmyheartthatIhadactedlikeahumanbeingratherthanarobot,Iwassaddenedtorealizehowfragileaholdwehaveonourbetterinstincts.
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