西方思想史要点.docx
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西方思想史要点.docx
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西方思想史要点
西方思想史
要点
西方思想史之一
宇宙观
COSMOLOGY:
CosmosandHumanity
MainpointsofThisLecture
1.GeographicalFactorinFormingoftheWestern&theOrientalCivilization
2.CreationMyths
3.CreationoftheUniverse&theEarth
4.CreationofMan&Woman
5.UnityoftheUniverse
6.Tianrenheyi
GeographicalDeterminism(地理决定论)
argumentsconcerningtherelationshipbetweenpeopleandthelandscapes
argumentssoughttoexplaincultural,political,andsocialsystemsbywayofenvironmentallimits.
One,A,and一
Theculturalconnotationsunderlyingthetwonumerals,One,A,and一
ThethreewordsorlettersOne,A,and一reflecttheancientideasoftheuniverse.Ourlessonwillbeginwiththeseideas.
One[Greekhen]isequivalenttothe‘Centre’,tothenon-manifestpoint,tothecreativepowerorthe‘unmovedmover’,aprimaryontologicalprinciple.
一
AccordingtoancientChinesephilosophy,therewasinthebeginningthe‘GreatestandHighest’(taiji)whenceissuedthe‘GreatMonad’(taiyi,太一)
1.CreationMyths:
BeginningoftheUniverseandtheWorld
Thegreatthemesofhumanexistencehaveremainedconstantoverthemillennia:
loveandhate;birth,illness,anddeath;rulersandsubjects;orderandchaos;andwarandpeace.Whilesomepeopletodayseeksupportinchatroomsandself-helpbooks,thepeopleoftheancientworldlookedtostoriesforguidanceandinspiration.
Myths,suchasthosepasseddowningreatdetailfromancientMesopotamia,addressedthefundamentalquestionsoflife.
TheearliestmythsaredatedfromthethirdmillenniumB.C.,whileothersdatetothesecondandfirstmillenniumB.C.Thematerialtheyreport,however,isoftenmucholder,sincemythsweretypicallyhandeddownorallyforcenturiesbeforepeopleattemptedtosetthemdowninwriting.Forexample,theearliestknownclaytabletsrecordingthestoryofKingEtana,whowassaidtobecarriedintoheavenbyaneagle,datefromthe78thcenturyB.C.However,survivingartworkdepictingmotifsfromthisstoryprovethatthetalewaswell-knowninthe24thcenturyB.C.
(1)SumerianmythexplainsthatheavenandearthwereonceonegreatwholebeforethegodEnlilseparatedthemfromeachother.Inanotherversion,heavenandearthcametogethertoproducetherestoftheworld.SometimesEnlilandamothergoddesswerepersonifiedasheavenandearth.
IntheBabyloniancreationepic,themasculinesubterraneanfreshwater,EuphratesRiver,joinedwiththefemininesaltwater,whichwasdescribedasanenormousmonster.Asothergodsemergedfromtheirunion,oneofthesegodscreatedtheworldfromthesaltwatermonster'sbody.
(2)GreekMythofCreation
CreationoftheEarth,Sky,andUnderworld
TartarusemergedwithGaiaatthecreationoftheworld.TogetherwithUranustheyencompassedtheuniverse.UranuswasaboveGaia,whorestedaboveTartarus,andsupportedOceanusandotherwatersthatwereherchildren.
Theworld'ssizewassogreatthatifananvilwasdroppedfromabove,itwouldfallforninedaysbetweenheavenandearth,andtakeanotherninedaystoreachtheunderworld.
Gaiawasanancientearthgoddessandaprimordialcreatoroftheworld.
UranuswasGaia'ssonandhusbandandapersonificationofthesky.TogethertheysymbolizetheancientGreekconceptsofmaleandfemale.
(3)TheChristianGenesis
Inthebeginning,whengodcreatedtheheavensandtheearth,theearthwasaformlesswasteland,anddarknesscoveredtheabyss,whileamightywindsweptoverthewaters.
Thengodsaid,"lettherebelight,"andtherewaslight.
Godsawhowgoodthelightwas.Godthenseparatedthelightfromthedarkness.
Godcalledthelight"day,"andthedarknesshecalled"night."thuseveningcame,andmorningfollowed--thefirstday.
Thengodsaid,"lettherebeadomeinthemiddleofthewaters,toseparateonebodyofwaterfromtheother."andsoithappened:
godmadethedome,anditseparatedthewaterabovethedomefromthewaterbelowit.
Godcalledthedome"thesky."eveningcame,andmorningfollowed--thesecondday.
…
Whatarethethingsorideasincommonbetweenthesemyths?
1.TheWholeoftheuniverseintheoriginal;
—unityoftheuniverse
2.TheSkyorHeavenispersonifiedinthegod,whiletheearthinthegoddess.
—Manabovewoman
WhethercomingearlierorlatertheManissuperiortotheWoman
2.TheCreationofHumanity
(1)Sumerianmyth
AccordingtotheancientmythsoftheNearEast,thefirstpeoplewereeitherbornorformedbyhand.Twodeitieswereresponsibleforcreatinghumankind:
amothergoddessknownbyavarietyofnamesandEnki,thegodoffreshwaterandofpracticalinventions.
Mostoften,thesemythscombinethebirthandtheshapingofthefirstpeopleintoonestory.Storiesthatmentionthemothergoddesshighlightherpregnancy,whichlastedonlyninedaysinsteadofninemonths,andthebirthitself.Incontrast,mythsaboutamoreartisticcreationhaveEnkiformingpeoplefromclayasifheweremakingapot.Thedifferencewasthattheclaywasmixedwithanextraordinaryliquid.Severalmythsnametheliquidusedincreationasthebloodofaslaughtereddeity.
SometimesEnkiaddeddivinespittleintotherawclaymixture.
Often,thereasongivenforcreatinghumankindwastoprovideworkerssothattheyoungergenerationofgodscouldberelievedofthehardworkofdiggingcanals.
ThemothergoddesswasvariouslycalledMami("mama),Nintur("ladywhoisthebirthinghut),orNinhu,saga(ladyofthehighlands).
ThefreshwatergodEnki,whowasalsocalledEa,shapedpeoplebymixingclayandaliquid
Peopleweremadeoftwodifferentsubstances,"earthlyclayandthebloodofagod
Peopletookondivinecharacteristics,suchastheabilitytoplanandtoreason
(2)TheGreekMyth
PrometheuswasaTitanwhocreatedpeoplefromclay
Hegavecraftsandsciencestohumankind
Hestolefirefromthegodsandgaveittohumankind
Becausehetrickedthegodstohelpthepeoplehehadcreated,hewaspunishedbyZeus
HewaschainedtoMountCaucasus,andaneagleateeverydayfromhisliver:
thushepaidforhisingeniousandrebelliousspirit
(3)TheCreationofManintheGenesis
(Omitted.ReadtheBible)
Whatdothesecreationmythssuggest?
1.ManwascreatedbyGod
—Thehumanisdivine,divinecreatures,
butsubjectivetoGod
2.Manwasmadewithclay
—Manclingstotheearth.
—Themakingofpotterysymbolizesthedawnofcivilization.
3.CosmosinAncientGreekPhilosophy
Theoriginalsenseofkosmosis“goodorder”(e.g.,HomerOd.8.179).Itisalsousedtorefertoornamentsanddecorations,particularlyofwomen(Il.14.187).ThePresocraticsappliedthewordtotheworldorder.Heraclitus,f.30,says:
“Thiskosmos,thesameforall,wasmadebyneithermennorGods,butalwayshasbeen,is,andwillbe,ever=livingfire,ignitingbymeasuresandextinguishingbymeasures.”
Greekcosmologistscanbedividedintothosewhothoughtoftheuniverseasspatiallyandtemporallyunlimitedandthosewhothoughtofitaslimited.
Anaximanderandtheatomistsseemtobeonthe“unlimited”side,andEmpedocles,Anaxagoras,Plato,Aristotle,andtheStoicsonthe“limited.”
Anaximanderspeaksof“allthekosmoiand
ouranoiwithinthem”andthateverything
comesfrom“theunlimited.”Theatomists
explicitlythinkofanindefinitelylarge
numberofatoms(atoma)inanindefinitelylargespace;whateverordertheremightbeisinasenseaccidental,andillusory.
Thosewhooptforalimiteduniversealsohavesomeprincipleororiginoftheorderintheuniverse.ForEmpedocles(恩培多克勒),
theopposedprinciplesof
“love”and“strife”bring
aboutopposed“orders”
inwhichtheelementsare
allseparatedoutorall
combinedtogetherinto
anorganicwhole.
ForAnaxagoras(阿拉克萨戈拉),oneoftheearly
Pythagoreansseemtohave
expectedtofindmathematical
principlesatworkinthe
universeasunifiersandorderers.
ThePythagoreanleadwasfollowedbyPlatointheTimaeus;there,welearnofanorderingdeity,theDemiourgos,wholooksattheforms(eide¯)andcreatesthevisibleuniverseoutofgeometricallydefinedmaterials,puttingorderintodisorder,lifeintothelifeless,andmind(nous)intothemindless.ItisnotentirelyclearwhetherPlatoistrulycommittedtoanactualcreation—certainlyhedidnotbelieveinacreationoutofnothing—butintheTimaeustheuniverseasitexiststurnsouttobeasinglelivingbeingwhoseregularmovementsdefinetime(chronos).
Structurally,theTimaeuscosmosisgeocentric(地心说),withtheheavenlybodiesmovingincircles.Themajorcirclesarethe“CirclesofSameandDifferent”.
WhileAristotleagreeswithPlatothatthevisibleuniverseisasingleanduniqueentity,hedoesnotthinkofitasan“imitation”ofeternalandtranscendentforms,althoughthesourceandprincipleofitsmovement,theUnmovedMover(akine¯tonkinoun),iseternalandtranscendent.ForAristotle,theCosmos,takentogetherwiththeUnmovedMover,istheultimatereality.
Aristotle’suniverseisalsogeocentric,withthesun,moon,andplanetsdescribedas“movingthemselves”incircularorbits,althoughinordertoaccountforthe“peculiarities”ofthemotionoftheplanets,fromageocentricperspective,itwasnecessarytopositmultiplerotatingspheresinwhichthecenterofonesphereisonthesurfaceofanother.InMetaphysicsXII,Aristotlesuggeststhatthereareperhaps55suchself-moving(rotating)spherestoaccountforthemotionsoftheheavenlybodies.
FortheStoics,theorderoftheuniverseisthedirectconsequenceoftheimmanenceofGodandthemindofGodthroughouttheuniverseatalllevelsofcomplexity.ThereisacertainidentitybetweenGodandtheCosmos—
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