Unit 3.docx
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Unit 3.docx
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Unit3
Unit3UnderstandingScience
BeforeReading>>BackgroundInformation
I.StephenHawking
i.BriefIntroductiontoStephenHawking
StephenHawking(1942~):
Britishtheoreticalphysicistandmathematician
ii.ChronologyofStephenHawking
–1942
BorninOxford,England.
–1958
EnteredOxfordUniversityandbecameespeciallyinterestedinthermodynamics(热力学),relativitytheory,andquantummechanics(量子力学).
–1962
Receivedabachelor’sdegreeinphysicsandthenenrolledasaresearchstudentingeneralrelativityattheUniversityofCambridge.
–1966
EarnedhisPh.D.degreeattheUniversityofCambridge.StayedattheUniversityofCambridgetodopost-doctoralresearch.DiagnosedashavingAmyotrophicLateralSclerosis(ALS)(肌萎缩性脊髓侧索硬化).
(Quote:
“Iamquiteoftenasked:
HowdoyoufeelabouthavingALS?
Theansweris,notalot.Itrytoleadasnormalalifeaspossible,andnotthinkaboutmycondition,orregretthethingsitpreventsmefromdoing,whicharenotthatmany.”)
–1977
Becameaprofessorofphysics.
–1979
AppointedLucasianProfessorofMathematicsatCambridge,apostonceheldbyIsaacNewton.
–1988
PublishedhisfamousbookABriefHistoryofTime:
FromtheBigBangtoBlackHoles.
–1993
WroteBlackHolesandBabyUniversesandOtherEssays.
–1996
Co-authoredabookwithSirRogerPenrosetitledTheNatureofSpaceandTime.
iii.MainAchievementsofStephenHawking
singularity:
(Apointinspace-timeatwhichthespace-timecurvature(曲率)becomesinfinite.)
blackhole:
(Aregionofspace-timefromwhichnothing,notevenlight,canescape.Nothingcanescapebecausegravityissostrong.)
Withthehelpofthefollowingwordsandexpressions,listentoarecordingofmoreinformationonblackhole.
KeyWords:
object:
n.物体
emit:
v.放射,吐露
theeventhorizon:
事件视界,即黑洞的边界
entropy:
n.熵,热力学概念。
fatal:
a.重大的,致命的
motivate:
v.激发
irritation:
n.愤怒
misuse:
v.误用,错用
turnout:
结果是
manner:
n.方式,风格
Script:
Bytheirverydefinition,blackholesareobjectswhicharenotsupposedtoemitanything.Itthereforeseemedthattheareaoftheeventhorizonofablackholecouldnotberegardedasitsentropy.Infactin1972,IwroteapaperonthissubjectwithBrandonCarterandanAmericancolleagueJimBardeen.Wepointedoutthat,althoughthereweremanysimilaritiesbetweenentropyandtheareaoftheeventhorizon,therewasthisapparentlyfataldifficulty.ImustadmitthatinwritingthispaperIwasmotivatedpartlybyirritationwithBeckenstein,becauseIfelthehadmisusedmydiscoveryoftheincreaseoftheareaoftheeventhorizon.However,itturnedoutintheendthathewasbasicallycorrect,thoughinamannerhehadcertainlynotexpected.
ABriefHistoryofTime:
(Oneofhisbookstomakehisworkaccessibletothepublic.)
MedalofFreedom:
Script:
Persistentinhispursuitofknowledge,StephenHawkinghasunlockednewpathwaysofdiscoveryandinspiredpeoplearoundtheworld.Hehasdedicatedhislifetoexploringthefundamentallawsthatgoverntheuniverse,andhehascontributedtosomeofthegreatestscientificdiscoveriesofourtime.Hisworkhasstirredtheimaginationofexpertsandlaypersonsalike.Livingwithadisabilityandpossessinganuncommoneaseofspirit,StephenHawking’sattitudeandachievementsinspirehope,intellectualcuriosity,andrespectforthetremendouspowerofscience.
II.AlbertEinstein
i.MonologueofEinstein
AlbertEinstein(1879~1955)
Script:
IwasborninUlm,Germanyin1879.
Asyoumayknow,1905wasabigyearforme.That’swhenIturnedtheworldupsidedown,atleastforscientists,withseveralnewideas.Iproposedthatspaceandtimehadtobelookedatinawholenewway—thatNewton’sviewofspaceandtimewasinaccurate.TheseideasbecameknownasthespecialtheoryofrelativityandintroducedtheequationE=mc2.
TenyearslaterIpresentedthegeneraltheoryofrelativity.Thegeneraltheoryshowedthatgravityisnotaforce,asNewtonhadthought.Itisinsteadacurvature(曲率)ofthespace-timecontinuum.
Script:
ThemostimportantofAlbertEinstein’stheoriespublishedthatyearbecameknownashis“SpecialTheoryofRelativity.”Hesaidthespeedoflightisalwaysthesame—almostthree-hundred-thousandkilometersasecond.Wherethelightiscomingfromorwhoismeasuringitdoesnotchangethespeed.However,hesaid,timecanchange.Andmasscanchange.Andlengthcanchange.Theydependonwhereapersonisinrelationtoanobjectoranevent.
Imaginetwospacevehicleswithascientisttravellingineachone.Onespaceshipisred.Oneisblue.Exceptforcolor,bothspaceshipsareexactlyalike.Theypassoneanotherfaroutinspace.
Neitherscientistfeelsthathisshipismoving.Toeach,itseemsthattheothershipismoving,nothis.Astheypassathighspeed,thescientistineachshipmeasureshowlongittakesabeamoflighttotravelfromthefloortothetopofhisspaceship,hitamirrorandreturntothefloor.Eachspaceshiphasawindowthatletseachscientistseetheexperimentoftheother.
Theybegintheirexperimentsatexactlythesamemoment.Thescientistintheblueshipseeshisbeamoflightgostraightupandcomestraightdown.Butheseesthatthelightbeamintheredshipdoesnotdothis.Theredshipismovingsofastthatthebeamdoesnotappeartogostraightup.Itformsapathupanddownthatlookslikeanupsidedown“V”.
Thescientistintheredshipwouldseeexactlythesamethingashewatchedtheexperimentbytheotherscientist.Hecouldsaythattimepassedmoreslowlyintheothership.Eachscientistwouldbecorrect,becausethepassingoftimeislinkedtothepositionoftheobserver.
Eachscientistalsowouldseethattheotherspaceshipwasshorterthanhisown.Thehigherthespeedsthespaceshipsweretravelling,theshortertheothershipwouldappear.Andalthoughtheothershipwouldseemshorter,itsmasswouldincrease.Itwouldseemtogetheavier.Theideasweredifficulttoaccept.YetotherscientistsdidexperimentstoprovethatEinstein’stheorywascorrect.
iii.AlbertEinstein’sGeneralTheoryofRelativity
Listentothepassage,andfillintheblankswiththemissingword(s)youhear.
Tenyearsafterhispaperonthespecialtheoryofrelativity,AlbertEinsteinfinishedworkonanothertheory.Itdescribedwhathecalledhis“GeneralTheoryofRelativity.”Itexpandedhisspecialtheorytoincludethemotionofobjectsthataregainingspeed.Thistheoryofferednewideasaboutgravityandthecloserelationshipbetweenmatterandenergy.Itbuiltontheideasaboutmasshehadexpressedin1905.
Einsteinsaidthatanobjectlosesmasswhenitgivesofflight,whichisakindofenergy.Hebelievedthatmatterandenergyweredifferentformsofthesamething.ThatwasthebasisofhisfamousmathematicalstatementE=MC2(Energyequalsmasstimesthespeedoflightsquared).Thisstatementorformulaexplainedthatagreatamountofenergycouldcomefromasmallpieceofmatter.Itexplainedhowthesuncouldgiveoffheatandlightformillionsofyears.Thisformulaalsoledtothediscoveryofatomicenergy.
Inhisgeneraltheoryofrelativity,Einsteinsaidthatgravity,liketime,isnotalwaysthesame.Gravitychangesasobserversspeeduporslowdown.Healsosaidthatgravityfromverylargeobjects,suchasstars,couldturnthepathoflightwavesthatpassednearby.Thisseemedunbelievable.Butin1919,Britishscientistsconfirmedhistheorywhenthesunwascompletelyblockedduringasolareclipse.AlbertEinsteinimmediatelybecamefamousaroundtheworld.
III.Frankenstein
i.AGeneralIntroduction
Frankenstein,orTheModernPrometheus,generallyknownasFrankenstein,isanovelwrittenbyMaryShelley.Thetitleofthenovelreferstoascientist,VictorFrankenstein,wholearnshowtocreatelifeandcreatesabeinginthelikenessofman,butlargerthanaverageandmorepowerful.Inpopularculture,peoplehavetendedincorrectlytorefertothemonsteras“Frankenstein”.
GlobalReading>>PartDivisionoftheText
Parts
Para(s)
MainIdeas
1
1~3
Tomakeinformeddecisionsaboutchange,thepublicneedsabasicunderstandingofscience.
2
4~6
Whatcanbedonetoeducatethepublicaboutscience.
3
7
Withaninformedpublic,humancivilizationwillsurvive.
DetailedReading
I.DifficultSentences
1.Norcanonepreventfurtheradvancesinthefuture.(Para.2)
Whyisthissentencereversed?
(Theword“nor”hereappearsatthebeginningofthesentencetogiveforcetothenegation.
-NorwillIdenythat.)
2.Theonlywaytopreventfurtherdevelopmentswouldbeaglobalstatethatsuppressedanythingnew,andhumaninitiativeandinventivenessaresuchthateventhiswouldn’tsucceed.(Para.2)
1)Whatisthegrammaticalfunctionofthefirst“that”?
(Here“that”bringsaboutanattributiveclause.)
2)Whatdoesthestructure“suchthat”heremean?
(Thestructureisusedtogiveanexplanationforsomething.
-Hismannerwassuchthathewouldoffendeveryonehemet.)
3)Whatcanweinferfromthissentence?
(Nowaycansuppressanythingnew,ashumaninitiativeandinventivenessdoexist.)
3.Allitwoulddoisslowdowntherateofchange.(Para.2)
Whyisthereno“to”between“is”and“slow”?
(When“do”appearsinthesubjectofasentence,thesign“to”ofaninfinitivewhichisusedasthepredicativecanbeomitted.
-Thefirstthinghedidwas(to)lookforaguide.
-Allwecoulddonowis(to)remaincool-headed.)
4.Atthemoment,thepublicisintwomindsaboutscience.(Para.3)
1)Whatdoes“intwomindsabout”mean?
(Unabletodecidewhetherornotyouwantsth.orwanttodosth.
-Ithinkshe’sintwomindsaboutwhethertoaccepthispr
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