Syntax句法0.docx
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Syntax句法0.docx
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Syntax句法0
Syntax句法
Syntax上外精品课程-《现代语言学》
Outline4.1Definition4.2Word-levelcategories4.3Phrasecategories4.4Phrasestructurerule4.5Sentences(TheSrule)4.6Transformations4.7Task上外精品课程-《现代语言学》
4.1Definition?
It’sakindofmicrolinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.(Transformationalsyntaxtobeintroducedinthebook.)4.2Word-levelcategories?
Categoryreferstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguage.Traditionally,categoryistermedas“partsofspeech”.上外精品课程-《现代语言学》
4.2.1Majorlexicalcategoriesandminorlexicalcategories:
ExamplesofsomelexicalcategoriesMajorlexicalcategoriesNoun(N)Verb(V)Adjective(A)Preposition(P)MinorlexicalcategoriesDeterminer(Det)Degreeword(Deg)Qualifier(Qual)Auxiliary(Aux)Conjunction(Con)Examplesbook,boy,love,sheeprun,read,playhappy,tall,clearabout,over,onExamplesthe,a,this,thosequite,very,more,sooften,always,seldom,almostmust,should,can,mightand,but,or上外精品课程-《现代语言学》
4.2.2Treecriteria?
ToDetermineaword’scategory,threecriteriaareusuallyplayed.①②③Wordcategoryoftenbearsomerelationshipwithitsmeaning.Wordsofdifferentcategoriestakedifferentinflections.Distributionmeansacertaintypeofelementscancooccurwithacertainword.Meaning:
John,pen,book,prettylady,leftquietlyInflection:
pluralaffixes,tenses,degreesDistribution:
thegirl,acard,shouldstay,willhelp上外精品课程-《现代语言学》
4.3Phrasecategories?
?
Definition:
Awordorgroupofwordswrittenorspokenasaunitandseparatedbypausesorotherjunctures.Types:
NounphraseEg:
(NP):
theprettygirlVerbphrase(VP):
oftendreamAdjectivephrase(AP):
verypessimisticPrepositionalphrase(PP):
inthehouseAdverbialphrase(ADVP):
veryquickly(Wen,p.118)Phrasesthatareformedofmorethanonewordusuallycontaintheelements:
Head,specifier(标志语)andcomplement.?
上外精品课程-《现代语言学》
4.4Phrasestructurerule4.4.1Introduction:
NP(Det)VP(Qual)VAP(Deg)PP(Deg)N(NP)AP(PP)…(PP)(NP)………(Note:
“”means“consistof”;()means“canbeomitted”;“…”meansothercomplementoptionsareavailable)上外精品课程-《现代语言学》
4.4.2XPrule(XstandsfortheheadN,V,AorP)TheXPrule:
XP(specifier)X(complement)XPXhead4.4.3XˉTheorya.XPb.Xˉ(specifier)XˉX(complement)SpecifierComplementXP(Phraselevel)XˉSpecifierX(head)Complement上外精品课程-《现代语言学》
4.4.4Coordinationrule?
Thestructuresareformedbyjoiningtwoormoreelementsofthesametypewiththehelpofconjunctionsuchasandoror.X?
XX*ConXstandsfor“acategoryatanystructurallevel”;*indicatesthatoneormorecategoryscanoccurtotheleftoftheCon(conjunction).上外精品课程-《现代语言学》
4.4.5Phraseelements?
Specifiers:
Theyhelpmakemoreprecisethemeaningofhead,andareattachedtoplevelofphrasestructures,totheleftofthehead.?
Complements:
Theyprovideinformationaboutentitiesandlocations.Theinformationaboutaword’scomplementisincludedintheheadandtermedsubcategorization.?
RevisedXPrule:
XP(specifier)X(complement*)上外精品课程-《现代语言学》
ExamplesofsomeAs,Ns,andPspermittingCPcomplementsComplementPhrase)(CP=ItemsAdjectivesHeadsafraid,certain,awareExamplesIwasafraidthatnobodywouldbelieveme.Nounsfact,claim,beliefShecan’tbelievethefactthatshewouldfailintheexam.Theyarguedoverwhethershehadcometoclass.Prepositionsover,about上外精品课程-《现代语言学》
Modifiers:
ModifierpositioninEnglishModifierAPPositionprecedestheheadExampleAverycarefulgirlPPfollowstheheadopenwithcareAdvPprecedesorfollowstheheadreadcarefully;carefullyread上外精品课程-《现代语言学》
4.5Sentences(TheSrule)?
TheSruleSNPVPDetASVPInflNPVDetNpurseNPNboyPstfoundtheInflP(=S)(followingtheXPrule,withaninternalSstructure)NPInflVPNPDetANboywillVbuyDettheNbook上外精品课程-《现代语言学》
4.6Transformations4.6.1AuxiliarymovementCP(ComplementPhrase)Inversion:
CDettheNPNSVPInflwillVarrivetrainMoveInfltotheLeftofthesubjectNP.上外精品课程-《现代语言学》
?
Inversion(revised):
MoveInfltoC?
Oneapplication*Theteacherwonders[CPifshouldhisstudent_____stay].(Note:
complementizersandauxiliariesaremutuallyexclusive)?
?
Auxiliaryunchanged,traceandheadmovementInsertinterrogativedointoanemptyInflposition.ThenmovethedotoCposition.4.6.2Doinsertion上外精品课程-《现代语言学》
?
DoinsertionDoinsertion
(1)CPCNPNSInfl(do)flySVDoDoinsertion
(2)CNPInflNbirdseCPSInflVPVflybirds4.6.3Deepstructureandsurfacestructure①Thestructureistheabstractrepresentationofthesyntaxticpropertiesofaconstruction,whichisformedbytheXPruleinaccordancewiththehead’ssubcategorizationproperties.上外精品课程-《现代语言学》
FurtherillustrationTheXPruleDEEPSTRUCTURETransformations(Subcategorizationrestrictschoiceofcomplements)SURFACESTRUCTURE(Note:
Whentransformationsarenotnecessary,therepresentationsofthesetwolevelsarethesame)上外精品课程-《现代语言学》
②?
Thesurfacestructureisthefinalstageinthesyntacticderivationofaconstruction,whichcloselycorrespondstothestructuralorganizationofconstructionpeopleacturallyproduceandreceive.Thedeepstructureforthequestion:
SWillthetrainarrive?
VPNPcanbegivenasbelow.DettheNInflwillVarrivetrain?
Thesurfacestructureforthequestionpatternformedbyapplyingtheinversiontransformationisgivenasbelow.Willthetrainarrive?
上外精品课程-《现代语言学》
4.6.4WhMovement?
Anexampleinwhichwh-occupiesthesubjectpositionWhatlanguagecanyouspeak?
(S-structure)WhMovementinversionyoucanspeakwhatlanguage(D-structure)NInflVNP?
AnexamplesentencewitharelativeclauseShehasfinallyfoundthemanwhomsheloves.(S-structure)WhMovementshehasfinallyfoundthemanshe[loveswhom](S-structure)N上外精品课程-《现代语言学》VP
4.6.5Moveαandconstrainsontransformations?
α(alpha)isacovertermforanyelementthatcanbemovedfromoneplacetwoanother.
(1)InversioncanmoveanauxiliaryfronttheInfltothenearestCposition,butnottomoredistantCposition.Geoffreyshouldknow[thatthetrainmightbelate].(Ds)InflCPshouldGeoffreyknow[whetherthetrainmightbelate](Ss)CP上外精品课程-《现代语言学》
(2)Noelementmayberemovedfromacoordinatestructure.Thelittlegirlwilltellus[astoryorajoke].*Whatwillthelittlegirltellus[astoryor]?
4.7SummaryInthispartintroducedwordcategoriesandphrasecategories.Thendosomeanalysesofsentenceformation:
phrasestructurerules,deepstructuresubcategorization,transformations,andsurfacestructure,etc.whichenablestocombinewordsintosentencesinendlesslynovelway.上外精品课程-《现代语言学》
4.7TaskDothefollowingasrequiredingroupsoffourorfive:
1.Thefollowingsentencesallcontainembeddedclausesthatfunctionascomplementsofaverb,anadjective,aprepositionoranoun.Drawatreestructureforeachsentence.a)YouknowthatIhatewar.b)HesaidthatTomaskedwhethertheclasswasover.c)Gerrycan’tbelievethefactthatAnnaflunkedtheEnglishexam.d)ChriswashappythathisfatherboughthimaRolls-Royce.e)Thechildrenarguedoverwhetherbatshadwings.上外精品课程-《现代语言学》
2.Eachofthefollowingsentencescontainsarelativeclause.Drawthedeepstructureandthesurfacestructuretreesforeachofthesesentences.a)Theessaythathewrotewastoolong.b)]Thedogthathekeepsbitesc)Herbertfoundthemansheloved.d)Thegirlwhomheoftenquarrelswithmajorsinlinguistics.上外精品课程-《现代语言学》
3.Thederivationsofthefollowingsentencesinvolvetheinversiontransformation.Givethedeepstructureandthesurfacestructureofeachofthesesentences.a)Wouldyoucometomorrow?
b)Canyoupassmethenewspaper?
c)Shouldthestudentreporttheincident?
d)Whatdidyoueatforlunch?
e)Whoshouldthisbereportedto?
f)WhatwasHelenbringingtotheparty?
上外精品课程-《现代语言学》
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