企业战略总结.docx
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企业战略总结.docx
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企业战略总结
企业技术战略总结
Chapter1Introduction
Keyconcepts:
strategy,technologystrategy,innovation
Strategy:
isalongtermplanofactiondesignedtoachieveaparticulargoal,mostoften"winning."
Technologystrategy:
aspartofanorganization'soverallbusinessstrategy,focusesonhowtechnologiesshouldbeutilizedtobuildcompetitiveadvantagesthroughimprovingproducts,servicesandprocesses.
Innovation:
canbedefinedasthecombinedactivitiesleadingtonew,marketableproductsandservicesand/ornewproductionanddeliverysystems.Itistheactofintroducinganewdevice,methodormaterialforapplicationtocommercialorpracticalobjectives.
Whyisinnovationsoimportantforfirms?
✓Thefirmsinnovatetosurviveanddevelopincompetition.
✓Theenvironmentischangingwhichincludes:
1)Advancingtechnology2)Changingindustrialstructuresandstrategies3)Competitorsimprovetheirproducts,processesandservices4)Evolvingsocietyandcustomerdesires
✓Theimpactofinnovationonindustry:
Innovationcreatesnewindustries.Innovationdestroysoldindustries.Innovationgivesoldindustriesnewopportunities.Innovationreshapesthestructureofindustries.
✓Technologicalinnovationisnowthesinglemostimportantdriverofcompetitivesuccessinmanyindustries:
1)Manyfirmsearnmoreovernewproducts.2)Globalizationhasincreasedcompetitivepressure.3)Advancesininformationtechnologyhaveenabledfasterinnovation
Whydofirmsneedstrategicmanagementoftechnologicalinnovation?
✓Afirm’sinnovationprojectsshouldalignwithitsresourcesandobjectives,leverageitscorecompetenciesandshouldhelpthefirmachieveitsstrategicintent.
✓Afirm’sorganizationalstructureandcontrolsystemsshouldencouragethegenerationandefficientimplementationofinnovativeideas
✓Afirm’snewproductdevelopmentprocessesshouldmaximizethetechnicalandcommercialsuccessofeachproject.
Toachievethegoals,afirmneedsanin-depthunderstandingofthedynamicsofinnovation,awell-craftedinnovationstrategy,andwell-designedprocessesforimplementingtheinnovationstrategy.
Chapter2SourceofInnovation
Keyconcepts:
creativity,technologycluster,technologicalspillover
Creativity:
theabilitytoproducenovelandusefulwork.It’sthebeginningofinnovationwhichcanbetrained,improvedandmanaged.
TechnologyClusters:
theregionalclustersoffirmsthathaveaconnectiontoacommontechnology.(问题还可能是“什么是技术集群,它有哪些好处?
”)
∙Mayworkwiththesamesuppliers,customers,orcomplements.
∙Proximityfacilitatesknowledgeexchange.
∙Clusteroffirmscanattractotherfirmstoarea.
∙Supplieranddistributormarketsgrowtoservicethecluster.
∙Clusteroffirmsmaymakelocallaborpoolmorevaluablebygivingthemexperience.
∙Clustercanleadtoinfrastructureimprovements(e.g.betterroads,utilities,schools,etc.)
Technologicalspillovers:
ApositiveexternalityfromR&Dresultingfromthespreadofknowledgeacrossorganizationalorregionalboundaries.
Whattraitsappeartomakeindividualsmorecreativeandinventive?
Individualcreativityisafunctionof:
∙Intellectualabilities(e.g.,abilitytoarticulateideas)
∙Knowledge(e.g.,understandfield,butnotwedtoparadigms)
∙Styleofthinking(e.g.,choosetothinkinnovelways)
∙Personality(e.g.,confidenceinowncapabilities)
∙Motivation(e.g.,relyonintrinsicmotivation)
∙Environment(e.g.,supportandrewardsforcreativeideas)
∙
Whatarethesourcesofinnovation?
Whatadvantagesanddisadvantagesofthedifferentsourcesofinnovations?
(此题为期中考试题)
此题应该从以下六个方面分析:
1.决策速度2.资源方面3.创新性的丰富程度4.商业化5.管理能力6.创新动机
Firms:
Advantage:
strongincentivestoinnovateincompetition,greaterresources,bettermanagementsystem,theonetocompletethecommercialization.
Disadvantage:
slowerdecision
Individuals:
Advantage:
haveadeepunderstandingoftheirownneeds,andmotivationtofulfillthem,makeadecisionquickly
Disadvantage:
lackofresources
Universities:
Advantage:
usuallyhavevariousinnovations
Disadvantage:
revenuesfromuniversityinventionsarestillverysmall,lackofresources
PrivateNonprofits:
Advantage:
haveagreatflexibilityininnovation
Disadvantage:
lackofresourceslimittheresearch
Government-FundedResearch:
Advantage:
greaterresources
Disadvantage:
usuallylackofinnovation,thecreativebehavioriscontrolledbythegovernment
Whyarefirmsthemajorinnovators?
Howcouldafirmutilizethedifferentsourcesasthemajorinnovator?
(期中考试题)
✓Firms–primaryengineofinnovation:
∙Strongincentivestoinnovateincompetition
∙Greaterresources
∙Bettermanagementsystem
∙Theonetocompletethecommercialization
✓Thewaythatafirmutilizesthedifferentsourcesasthemajorinnovator:
Afirm,asthemajorinnovator,whichhasgreaterresourcesandbettermanagementsystem,cancooperatewithindividual,universitiesandsoon.Thefirmcanprovidemoneyandresourcestotheothersourcesthathavevariousideasandmaketheideascommercialized.(答题基本思路是企业可以通过跟其他的创新来源合作,利用自己资源充足等的优势,弥补个人、大学等资金缺乏、资源不足等的劣势,运用个人、大学等的创新,让这些创新商业化)。
Chapter.3TypeandPatternsofInnovation
Keyconcepts:
product/processinnovation,radical/incrementalinnovation,component/architecturalinnovation,discontinuoustechnology,technologydiffusion,dominantdesign
Dimension:
Object/Content
Productinnovations-newgoodsorservices/Processinnovations-innovationsinthewayanorganizationconductsitsbusiness,e.g.producingormarketinggoodsorservices
Degreeofnovelty,relatedtoriskanduncertainty,significantperformanceimprovementorcostreduction
Radicalinnovation–verynewanddifferentfrompriorsolutions.(highrisk)
Incrementalinnovation–makesarelativeminorchangefromexistingpractices.(lowrisk)
Dimension:
scope/content
Acomponentinnovation(ormodularinnovation)entailschangestooneormorecomponentsofaproductsystemwithoutsignificantlyaffectingtheoveralldesign.
Anarchitecturalinnovationentailschangingtheoveralldesignofthesystemorthewaycomponentsinteract.
Discontinuoustechnology-fulfillsasimilarmarketneedbymeansofanentirelynewknowledgebase
Technologydiffusion–thespreadofatechnologythroughapopulation
Dominantdesign–aproductdesignthatisadoptedbythemajorityofproducers,typicallycreatingastablearchitectureonwhichtheindustrycanfocusitsefforts.
(Usuallytakestheformofanewproductsynthesizedfromindividualtechnologicalinnovationsintroducedindependentlyinpriorproductvariants.Encouragesstandardizationsothatproductionorothercomplementaryeconomiescanbesought.Competitionbeginstotakeplaceonthebasisofcostandscaleaswellasofproductperformance.)
Boththerateofatechnology’simprovement,anditsrateofdiffusiontothemarkettypicallyfollowans-shapedcurve.Why?
Solution:
Boththerateofatechnology’sperformanceimprovementandtherateatwhichthetechnologyisadoptedinthemarketplacerepeatedlyhavebeenshowntoconformtoans-shapecurve.
a)S-curvesintechnologyimprovement
Whenatechnology’sperformanceisplottedagainsttheamountofeffortandmoneyinvestedinthetechnology,ittypicallyshowsslowinitialimprovement,thenacceleratedimprovement,thendiminishingimprovement(见书上47页图).
●Performanceimprovementintheearlystagesofatechnologyisslowbecausethefundamentalsofthetechnologyarepoorunderstood.Greateffortmaybespentexploringdifferentpathsofimprovementordifferentdriversofthetechnology’simprovement.Furthermore,untilthetechnologyhasestablishedadegreeoflegitimacy,itmaybedifficulttoattractotherresearcherstoparticipateinitsdevelopment.
●However,asscientistsorfirmsgainadeeperunderstandingofthetechnology,improvementbeginstoacceleratethusattractingotherdevelopers.Furthermore,measuresforassessingthetechnologyaredeveloped,permittingresearcherstofocusonthoseactivitiesthatreapthegreatestimprovementperunitofeffort,enablingperformancetoincreaserapidly.
●However,atsomepoint,diminishingreturnstoeffortbegintosetin.Asthetechnologybeginstoreachitsinherentlimits,thecostofeachmarginalimprovementincreasesandthes-curveflattens.
●Oftenatechnology’ss-curveisplottedwithperformance(e.ge.,speed,capacity)againsttime,butthismustbeapproachedwithcare.Iftheeffortinvestedisnotconstantovertime,theresultings-curvecanobscurethetruerelationship.Iftheamountofeffortinvestedinatechnologyincreasesordecreasesovertime,theresultingcurvecouldappeartoflattenmuchmorerapidly,ornotflattenatall(具体例子和图表见书上P48-49).
●Technologiesdonotalwaysgettheopportunitytoreachtheirlimits;theymayberenderedobsoletebynew,discontinuoustechnologies.Anewinnovationisdiscontinuouswhenitfulfillsasimilarmarketneed,butdoessobybuildingonanentirelynewknowledgebase.Discontinuoustechnologiescanpreventexistingtechnologiesfromreachingtheirlimits.Technologicaldiscontinuitymayinitiallyhavelowerperformancethanincumbenttechnology.Thenewdisruptivetechnologyislikelytodisplacetheincumbenttechnologywhenithasasteepers-curveand/orahigherperformancelimit.
b)S-curvesinTechnologydiffusion
●S-curvesarealsooftenusedtodescribethediffusionofatechnology.S-curvesintechnologydiffusionareobtainedbyplottingthecumulativenumberofadoptersofthetechnologyagainsttime.Thisyieldsas-curvebecauseadoptionisinitiallyslowwhenanunfamiliartechnologyisintroducedtothemarket,itacceleratesasthetechnologybecomesbetterunderstoodandutilizedbythemass
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