Chapter10Holidays andFestivals.docx
- 文档编号:16066293
- 上传时间:2023-07-10
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:36
- 大小:54.78KB
Chapter10Holidays andFestivals.docx
《Chapter10Holidays andFestivals.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《Chapter10Holidays andFestivals.docx(36页珍藏版)》请在冰点文库上搜索。
Chapter10HolidaysandFestivals
了解英国的教育制度、传播媒介、体育、艺术的概况。
1.TheeducationsystemisBritain
2.Thecollegesystemandthetutorialsystem
3.Qualitypapersandpopularpapers
4.TheBBCanditsprograms
5.SportsinBritain
6.MajorformsofartinBritain
Education
Introduction
EducationSystem
Pre-schooleducationforchildrenunder5(attheagesof3and4).
Primaryeducationforchildrenbetweentheagesof4or5and11or13.
Secondaryeducationforchildrenbetweentheagesof11or13and16or18.Educationiscompulsoryforallbetweentheagesof4or5and16.
Highereducationforstudentsabovetheageof18.
CentralResponsibility
TheSecretaryofStateforEducationhasoverallresponsibilityforschoolandpost-schooleducationinEngland.TheSecretariesofStateforScotland,WalesandNorthernIrelandexercisesimilarresponsibilitiesinthosecountries.
Thegovernmentaleducationdepartmentsformulateeducationpoliciesandarealsoresponsibleforthesupplyandtrainingofteachers.
LocalAdministration
Moststateschooleducationistheresponsibilityoflocaleducationauthorities(LEAs),whichareresponsibleforthepaymentofteachersandotherstaffandtheprovisionofadequateeducationalfacilitiesintheirareas.
Therestisprovidedbyself-governinggrant-maintained(GM)schools.SomeGMorvoluntaryaidedsecondaryschoolsaretechnologycolleges,whicharenon-fee-payingindependentschoolscreatedbyagovernmentandprivatesectorsponsors.ThereisnoLEAinvolvement.ThesetechnologycollegesteachtheNationalCurriculum,butwithanemphasisonmathematics,technologyandscience.Some15%ofsecondaryschoolsinEnglandareGMschools.
FinancialSupport
Thebulkofexpenditureoneducationcomesfrompublicfunds.
Pre-schoolEducation(3-4)
Althoughthereisnostatutoryrequirementtoeducateunder-fives,nearly53%of3-and4-year-oldsinBritainattendnurseryschools.
PrimaryEducation(4or5-11or13)
Stateprimaryschools
Compulsoryeducationbeginsat5inGreatBritainand4inNorthernIreland,whenchildrengotoinfantschools.At7manygoontojuniorschools.
Inthepastchildrenwereallocatedtodifferentsecondaryschoolsonthebasisofselectionteststakenattheageof11(knownaseleven-plus).Inthe1960sand1970sthissystemwasgraduallyreplacedbycomprehensiveschoolsthattakepupilsofallabilities.
Independentschools
Somechildrenattendfee-payingindependentschools.Therearenearly2,500independentschoolseducating600,000pupilsofallages.
Amongtheindependentschoolsaresome600boys',girls'andmixedpreparatoryschools,manyofwhichareboardingschoolsandpreparechildrenforentrytopublicschools.Thenormalage-rangeforthesepreparatoryschoolsisusuallyfrom7to11or13.
SecondaryEducation(11or13-16or18)
Statesecondaryschools
Statesecondaryschoolsprovideeducationforchildrenagedbetween11and18.
EnglishandWelshsecondaryschoolsareorganizedinanumberofways,withthemostcommontypebeingthecomprehensiveschools,attendedbyover90%ofschoolchildrenofthisage.Comprehensiveschoolstakepupilswithoutreferencetoabilityoraptitudeandprovideawide-rangingsecondaryeducationforchildrenwithinasingledistrict.Otherchildrenattendgrammarschools,middleschoolsorsecondarymodernschools,towhichtheyareallocatedafterselectiontests(eleven-plus)attheageof11.
Scottishsecondaryeducationisalmostcompletenon-selective.Themajorityofschoolsarecomprehensivecoveringtheage-rangeof12to18.
InNorthernIrelandsecondaryeducationisorganizedlargelyalongselectiveline.The70grammarschoolsadmitsome57,000pupilsonthebasisoftestsinEnglish,mathematicsandscience.Some88,000pupilsattendnon-grammarsecondaryschools.
Independentschools
Independentschoolsincludeabout550'publicschools',whichtakepupilsrangingfrom11or13to18.MostofBritain'spubicschoolsarelong-establishedandhavegainedareputationfortheirhighacademicstandards,aswellastheirexclusivenessandsnobbery.
Theboys'schoolsincludesuchwell-knownschoolsasEton,Harrow,WestminsterandWinchester.Amongleadinggirls'publicschoolsareRoedeanandCheltenhamLadies'College.MostofthemembersoftheBritishEstablishment(thetopinfluentialsectorsofBritishsociety)wereeducatedatpublicschools.
Furthereducation(Post-schooleducation,16-18)
Compulsoryeducationcomestoanendat16.Butmanystudentschoosetocontinueineducationafter16.Forfurthereducation,theymaystayinthesecondaryschools'sixthformsandtertiarycolleges,orgotosixthformcollegesandfurthereducationcolleges.
Tertiarycollegesaretheextensionsofstatesecondaryschools,whichofferarangeofandpart-timevocationalcoursesaswellasacademiccoursesforstudentsover16.Sixthformcollegesareschoolsthatmayprovidenon-academiccoursesinadditiontoacademicones.
HigherEducation(overtheageof18)
Universities
Highereducationtakesplaceinuniversitiesandotherhighereducationinstitutions.Therearesome90universitiesinBritain,includingtheOpenUniversity.
TheuniversitiesofOxfordandCambridge(popularlyknownasOxbridge)datefromthe12thand13thcenturies,andtheScottishuniversitiesofStAndrew,Glasgow,AberdeenandEdinburghdatefromthe14thand15thcenturies.AllotheruniversitiesinBritainwerefoundedinthe19thand20thcenturies.
Administrationofuniversities
TheBritishuniversitiesaregovernedbyroyalchartersorbyActofParliamentandenjoyacademicfreedom.Theyappointtheirownstaff,decidewhichstudentstoadmit,providetheirowncoursesandawardtheirowndegrees.
Manyuniversitieshavecloselinkswithcommerceandindustry,withsomestudentshavingajobandattendingonapart-timebasis.ClosecooperationbetweenuniversitiesandindustryonresearchisencouragedbytheGovernment.Over40scienceparkshavebeensetupbyhighereducationinstitutionsinconjunctionwithindustrialscientistsandtechnologiststopromotethedevelopmentandcommercialapplicationofadvancedtechnology.
Financialsupportandawardssystem
Highereducationislargelyfinancedbypublicfunds,tuitionfeesforstudentspaidthroughtheawardssystem,andincomechargedbyinstitutionsforresearchandotherpurposes.Therearealsocontributionsfromparents,assessedaccordingtotheirincome.
Full-timestudentsonfirstdegreeandothercomparablehighereducationcoursesareeligibleforMandatoryawardscoveringtuitionfeesandmaintenance.TheyareadministeredbyLocalEducationAuthoritiesinEnglandandWales,theStudentsAwardsAgencyofScotlandandtheNorthernIrelandEducationandLibraryBoards.TheGovernmentreimbursesinfulltheamountspentbyeducationauthoritiesonmandatorystudentgrantsandfees.
Grantsfornon-postgraduatehighereducationcanbetoppedupwithloansthathelpthestudentstopaymaintenancecosts.Loansarenotmeanstestedandrepaymentsareindexedtoinflation.Grantsforpostgraduatesstudyareofferedbythegovernmentdepartmentsandbyresearchcouncils.
Degreecoursesanddegrees
Firstdegreecoursesaremainlyfulltimeandusuallylast3yearsinEngland,WalesandNorthernIreland.Therearealsosome4-yearcoursesand5-yearcourses,suchasmedicalandveterinarycourses.
Degreetitlesvaryaccordingtothepracticeofeachuniversity.InEngland,WalesandNorthernIreland,themostcommontitlesforafirstdegreeareBachelorofArts(BA)orBachelorofScience(BSc),andforaseconddegreeareMasterofArts(MA),MasterofScience(MSc)andDoctorofPhilosophy(PhD).
TheOpenUniversity
TheOpenUniversityisanon-residentialuniversitybasedinthenewtownofMiltonKeynes,Buckinghamshire.Itissonamedbecauseitisopentoalltobecomestudents.Theuniversitywasfoundedin1969andbeganitsfirstcoursesin1970.
TheUniversityoffersdegreeandothercoursesforadultstudentsofallagesinBritainandothermembercountriesoftheEuropeanUnion.
Itusesacombinationofspeciallyproducedprintedtexts,correspondencetuition,televisionandradiobroadcastsandaudio/videocassettes.Forsomecourses,thereareresidentialschools.Thereisanetworkofstudycentersforcontactwithpart-timetutors,counselors,andfellowstudents.
In1994thereweresome91,000registeredundergraduates,andinallsome155,000firstdegreeshavebeenawardedsince1970.
TheMedia
Newspapers
Introduction
InBritainthereareabout130dailyandSundaynewspaperspublishednationwide.Nationalnewspapershaveanaveragetotalcirculationofover14milliononweekdaysandabout16milliononSundays.
Britishnewspapersarefreefromstatecontrolandcensorship,andfinanciallyindependentofpoliticalparties.However,manydohaveparticularlypronouncedpoliticalleanings,largelydictatedbytheirproprietors.
Ownershipofthemajornationalpapersisconcentratedinthehandsofasmallnumberofindependentpublishingcorporations.OneofthelargestandmostpowerfuloftheseisRupertMurdoch'sNewsInternational,whichowns5nationalpapers(TheTimes,TheSundayTimes,TheSun,Today,andNewsoftheWorld)andisinvolvedinothermediaactivitiessuchassatellitetelevision.
TheBritishpressisbyfarthelargestadvertisingmediuminBritain,becauseeveryyearabout£5,100millionisspentonpressadvertising.Itreceivesnos
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- Chapter10Holidays and Festivals
![提示](https://static.bingdoc.com/images/bang_tan.gif)