毕业设计译文.docx
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毕业设计译文.docx
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毕业设计译文
DesignandResearchonNewIntelligentTemperatureControlSystemforStove
SystemDescription
Temperatureisoneofthemostimportantvaluesofanobjecttodescribeitscharacteristics.Itconnectscloselywithourdailylife,anditisalsooneofthecommonusedfourphysicalvalues,theyaretemperature,pressure,fluxandposition.Itisalsooneofsuchphysicalmeasuresthatwereearliestdiscussedbypeople.Itsmeasuringandadjustingare
veryimportantforcontrollingproductquality,improvingproductionefficiencyandacceleratingthedevelopmentofnationaleconomies.Atemperaturecontrolsystemofanelectricalresistorstovewasdesignedinthispaper.
ThesystemusesIntel8031MCUasmainchiptosample,processanddisplaythetemperaturedata,toadjustthestovetemperatureandtogivealarmwhenthetemperatureexceedsthegiventhreshold.Thesystemaccomplishesthetemperaturecontrollingforelectricalresistorstoveandletthetemperaturevaryingaccordingtoagiventermperaturecharacteristic.
2TheSystemHardware
2.1Consistingofthehardware
Thesystemcanbedividedintotwopartsaccordingtotheirfunctions,datasamplingpartandsystemcontrollingpart.Datasamplingpartconsistsoftemperaturesensors(thermocoupleTC),amplifiersDWB,dataprocessinganddisplaying.Systemcontrollingpartiscomposedofzeropointdetecting(ZPD),bi—directionSCR(hi—SCR)andheatingresistors,ThediagramofthesystemisillustratedasFig.1
Fig.1Thediagramofthesystemhardware
Inthesystemnickel—chrome/nickel-leadthermoeoupleactsastemperaturesensor.ThedetectedsignalissenttoDWBandisconvertedto0~5Vvoltagethererepresentingthetemperaturerangefrom400~1000℃throughadjustingthebias.ThenthevoltageisfedtoA/DconverterAD570tobedigitalized.
2.2A/DconvertercircuitsandtheinterfacewithMCU
AD570fromanalogdevicesisusedasA/Dconverter.TheAD570isan8-bitsuccessiveapproximationA/DconverterconsistingofaDAC,voltagereference,clock,comparator,successiveapproximationregisterandoutputbuffers,allfabricatedonasinglechip.Noexternalcomponentsarerequiredtoperformafullaccuracy8-bitconversionin25uswiththetoleranceof±l/2LSB.TheAD570acceptsanaloginputsof0Vto+10Vunipolaror±5Vbipolar,externallyseleetahie.
BecauseAD570occupiesthedatabusduringitsOutputtime,thatisfromdataoutputtothenextconvertingsignaliswithdrawn,AD570cannotbeconnectedwith8031MCUbusdirectly.SoanI/OinterfaceIntel8255Aisinsertedbetweenthem.
TheportAof8255isusedasdatainput,twopinsfromportC(PC0andPC1)asstartingsignalsfortwoAD570respectively.ThatisportAintheinputmode、andPC0isconnectedtoB/CpinofAD570.MCUworksininterruptmode.Inthemainprograminitialworktosetcontrolwordsisdoneatfirst.ThenclearPC0tostarttheconverting.TheDataReadyDRgoesdownwhentheconversioncompleted.。
TheinterruptingpinINTxalsogoesto0torequestaninterruptionfromMCU.IninterruptionprogramMCUwillreadtheconversiondatafromPortAof8255.
2.3Displayandalarmcircuitinterfaces
OnesingleIntel8155chipisadoptedastheinterfaceforbothdisplayingandalarmingcircuitsconnectingwith8031MCU.PortAof8155isusedaswordcontrolsignalfordisplaying,portBassevendigitalsegmentcontrolandtimer/counterasalarmcontrol.TheaudiosignalneededinalarmisproducedusingNE555timerconstructedasanoscilla-
tor.Theresetpinisconnectedto8155TMROUT.
GenerallyTMROUTishighandbecomeslowafterinversed.NE555oscillatorstopsworkingsothatthelampandthespeakeraredisabled.Ifthemeasuredtemperatureexceedsthegiventhreshold,8031MCUwillstartthe8155timerandlettheoscillatortowork,givesarhythmalarmsoundandaflashalarmlight.Theperiodsoftherhythmandflashcallbechangedbysettingtheperiodofthepulsesproducedby8155.
2.4Controlcircuits
Abi—directionSCRisusedforadjustingtheheatingpower.TheSCRisinserieswiththeACheatingpower.Thepoweradjustingisachievedbychangingtheheatingtimeinaheatingperiod.Forexample,duringtheheatingperiodtheresistorispoweredallofthetime,itiscalledfullloadheating.Iftheheatingtimeisonly50%oftheperioditiscalledhalfloadheating.andsoon.ThiscanbeeasilyaccomplishedbychangingtheworkingtimeofSCR.
InordertoexcitingSCRatthezeropointsofACpower,azerodetectingcircuitisdesignedandassuresthattheSCRstimulationissynchronizedwiththeACzeropoints.Thatwillreducetheharmonic
interference.
3TheAlgorithmofStoveTemperatureControl
Thecontrollingofthestovetemperatureisafeedbackadjustingprocess.Thetemperaturemeasuredbysensorswillbecomparedwiththedemandedtemperaturethatisgivenintothesystem.Theerrorsignalthenisobtainedandprocessed.Acontrolsignalisgotfromtheprocessingandusedtoadjusttheheatingtimeandthestrengthtocontrolthetemperatureofthestove.InindustrythiskindofcontrolisgenerallyknownasPIDcontrol.Itiswidelyusedinindustryprocesscontrollingandhasasatisfiedresultinmanycontrolfields.
TheidenlPIDdifferentialequationis
In
(1)errorvaluee(t)=r(t)+y(t)isastheinputsignaloftemperaturecompensator,ther(t)isthegivenvalue,andy(t)isthemeasuredvalue.Kpisthefactorofproportion;TiistimeconstantofintegrationandTdtimeconstantofdifferential.U(t)istheoutputvoltageoftemperaturecompensation.
Becausethecomputercanonlydealwithdigitalsignals,themathematicalequation
(1)mustbeconvertedtodifferenceequation.AssumethatthesampletimeoftemperatureisT,andtheerrorvalueforthenthsampleise,Theinputoftemperaturecornpensatorisu,sousingdifferenceinsteadofdifferential,suminsteadofintegrationthatis
Thedifferentialequation
(1)willbeconvertedintodifferenceequation
Inordertousingcomputertocalculatewefurtherwriteequation
(2)intoalliteratingform
Itisobviousthatthelastitemofequation(3)canbereplacedusing
,andrearrangetheitemswillget
where:
areintegrationfactoranddifferentialfactorrespectively.Eq.(4)isaniteratingform,thatisusingtwoformererrorvalues,thecurrenterrorvaluefromthesystem,theformerresultandthesystemfactors,thecurrentresuitcanbeeasilycalculatedusingEq.(4).ThisalgorithmusingmainlythedataaccessingoperationsisespeciallysuitableforMCUsystem.
4TheDesignoftheSoftware
Thesoftwaresystemiscomposedofmainprogramandsevensubprogrammodules.Thisstructureisconvenientforcallingthesubroutinesand
modifyingtheparameters.Thesevensubroutinesaredatasampling,digitalfilter,scaleconverting,binarytodecimalconverting,alarmprogram,displayprogramandkeyboardscanningprogram.
Thedoublenestedinterruptmethodisusedinthesystem.ThefirstinterruptisrequestedbyTOforthesamplingperiods.DuringTOinterruptserviceA/Dconversionisstimulated.MCUwillwaitforreadingthetemperaturedatafromAD570,processingthedata,suchasdigitalfiltering,comparethethresholdandalarmingifnecessary,PIDcalcu-
latingandoutputtingthecontrolpulse.Thewidthoftheoutputcontrolpulseusedasthecontrolsignalforbi—directionSCRisproduceddynamicallybyT1timeraccordingtothecalculationresults,thatisthe
resultofuusingEq.(4).WhilewaitingforthepulseMCUwillsendproceeddatatodisplaybufferandcontroltodisplaythem.Hereonlythemain
programandthePIDalgorithmsubroutinediagramsareshownasFig.2andFig.3respectively.
Fig.2Theflowchartofmainprogram
Fig.3TheflowchartofPIDprogram
ThePIDalgorithmprogramiswrittenaccordingtotheEq.(4).Itcalculatestheerrorvaluebetweendemandedtemperatureandthemeasuredcurrenttemperaturevalue,usingiteratingalgorithmtogettheoutputvoltageU.ThecontrolstrategythatMCUoperatedtocontrolthebi-directionSCRwillmainlydependonthevoltage.
5Conclusion
Thepresentedstovetemperaturecontrolsystemaccomplishedthetemperatureadjustingaccordingtoagiventemperature—timerelationship.Itenhancetheaccuracyofstovetemperaturecontrol
andadequateforvaryingdemands.TheexperimentshaveshownthattheintelligentstovetemperaturecontrolsystemrealizedusingMCUmakethe
systemmoreflexibleandmoreaccuracy.TheMCUcontrolledsystemplaysaveryimportantroleinmultifunction,intelligentanddigitalizing.
新式智能温控炉的研究和设计
1系统描述
温度是描述一个物体特征的最重要的参数之一。
它跟我们的日常生活关系密切,它也是常有的4个物理量之一。
这4个物理量是温度、压力、动量、状态。
温度也是人们最后讨论的物理变量之一。
温度的测量和调节对控制生产质量、提高生产效率和加速国民经济的发展起到了非常重要的作用。
本文研究的是用电阻测量炉温的系统设计。
本系统使用8031单片机作为主控制器用,用它来对温度数据进行采样、数据处理、显示,调节炉温和当炉温超出限定值时发出报警。
该系统实现了电阻炉的实时温度控制,使温度根据给定的温度特性变化。
2系统硬件
2.1硬件组成
本系统根据其功能可分为两大部分,数据采样部分和系统控制部分。
数据采样部分由温度传感器(热电偶TC)、放大器DWB、数据处理模块和显示模块组成。
系统控制部分是由零点探测模块、双向可控硅和热敏电阻组成。
系统组成图如图一所示:
图1硬件系统组成图
在系统中用镍铬或镍铅热敏电阻作为温度传感器。
将检测到得信号发送到放大器转换成0~5V的电压。
这使得通过调整偏差,温度的调整范围在400~1000℃.然后电压信号被送到A/D转换器AD570,将信号转换成数字信号。
2.2A/D转换电路及与单片机接口
AD570是将模拟信号转换成数字信号的模/数转换器。
AD570是一个8位逐次逼近型A/D转换器。
它是集DAC,电压基准,时钟,比较器,逐次逼近寄存器和输出缓冲器几种功能于一体的一片独立芯片。
无需外部元件即可在25us内准确的转换偏差为±l/2LSB的8位完整的数据。
通过外部选择,AD570可接受0~10V单极性或者±5V的双极性模拟信号。
由于输出时AD570占用了数据总线,即一个数据输出到下一个转换信号被撤销的时候。
AD570无法直接与8031微控制器总线连接。
因此将单片机接一片外部I/O口扩展芯片8255A在接到AD570。
8255的A口用作数据输入,C口的两个引脚PC0和PC1分别接AD570的两个启动引脚,即PA口为输入模式,PC0接AD570的B/C引脚。
单片机工作在中断模式下。
在主程序中先对初始化工作字进行编写。
然后对PC0清0开始转换。
当数据转换完成后,数据准备DR清0.外部中断INTx引脚也跳为0,向单片机请求中断。
在中断程序中单片机将从8255的PA口读取转换数据。
2.3显示和报警电路接口
用一片8155芯片将显示和报警模块的电路与8031单片机相连。
8155的PA口用于显示的控制信号,PB口用于7个数字段控制和计时/计数器,通过控制计时/计数器来控制报警。
报警所需的音频信号是采用NE555定时器作为振荡器产生的。
复位引脚接在8155的TMROUT引脚上。
一般8155的TMROUT引脚为高电平,取反后就变成低电平了。
当NE555振荡器停止工作时显示报警灯和喇叭就不工作了。
如果测得的温度超过给定阈值,8031单片机将启动8155定时器,让振荡器工作,并发出有节奏的警报声和闪烁警示灯。
通过设置8155产生的脉冲周期,可以改变节奏周期和闪烁周期。
2.4控制电路
双向可控硅是用来调整加热功率。
双向可控硅和需调整的交流
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