AmericanLiterature.doc
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AmericanLiterature.doc
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美国文学
AmericanLiterature
Literature
Whatisliterature?
•Literaturehasbeenthehighskillsofwritingwithimaginationsincethe19thcentury.
•Typesofliterature:
Fiction
Poetry
Drama
Essay
MajorLiterarySchools
I.Classicismandneoclassicism
•Advocationofrationalism
(Reasonshouldbeaboveeverythingelse.)
SamuelJohnson,AlexanderPope
II.Romanticism
•Oppositiontoneoclassicism
•Emphasisonemotion,imaginationandintuition.
WilliamWordsworth,Shelley,Byron…
III.Realism
•Focusoncommonlivesoftheaveragepeople
•Andunromanticobservationofhumanexperiences.
Dickens,Bronte,Austen…
IV.Modernism
•Synonymofrevolutionagainsttraditionalart.
•Emphasisoninstinctandsubconsciousness.
TheSpiritofAmericanLiterature★
(thethreadthroughoutAmericanliterature)★
Individualism★
•Personalability
•Hardworkleadstosuccess.
ComparedwiththespiritofChineseliterature
Confucianism
•Moderate
Toattackhumanpride,avoidextremesandkeephumandesireswithinappropriatereasonandorder.
Introduction
•Americanliteraturemaybetheyoungestnationalliteraturesintheworld.Itsrealhistory,ifcalculatingfromtheendoftherevolutionarywar,isonlyabout200yearsormore.Withinsuchashortperiod,Americanliteratureswiftlydeveloped,begantoreceiveinternationalrecognition,andhashadagreateffectuponworldliterature.
•I.LiteratureoftheColonialPeriod(1607—1776)★
•II.LiteratureofReasonandRevolution(1776--1820)★
•III.Romanticism(1820--1860)★
•IV.RiseofRealism(1860--1914)★
•V.ModernPeriod(1914--)★
1.LiteratureoftheColonialPeriod殖民统治时期文学(1607-1776)
Frommyyearsyoungindaysofyouth,
GoddidmakeknowntomeHisTruth,
Andcall’dmefrommynativeplace
FortoenjoytheMeansofGrace.
InwildernessHedidmeguide,
WilliamBradford
•Godteachesmeandguidesmetoarightway
I.HistoricalBackground
•Settlement★
Theresultofreligiousmotivesandmercantilemotives
•Puritanism★
•Puritanthoughts:
★
predestination(Goddecideseverythingbeforethingsoccur)★
Originalsin(Humanbeingswereborntobeevil.)★
Puritanvalues:
Hardwork,thrift,andpiety.
•IndividualismandAmericanDream
II.FeaturesofLiterature
•ThefirstAmericanliteraturewasneitherAmericannorrealliterature.★
•TypesofWriting
Diary,history,journal,letter,narrative…
•ItwastheworkmainlyofimmigrantsfromEngland.★
•Itwasnotintheformofpoetry,essayorfiction,butthemixtureoftravelaccountsandreligiouswritings.★
III.Writers
•JohnSmith★
•AsthefirstAmercanwriter★
HeisaBritishsoldieroffortune,andstrictlyspeaklyspeaking,wasnotlitiratureatall.ATureRelationOfSuchOccurencesandAccidentsofNoteasHathHappenedinVirginiawasalongreportrecordingwhathesawandheardintheNewWorld,whichhesentbacktoEnglandandwasprintedin1608whitouthisknowledge.
•AnneBradstreetandEdwardTaylor★
(Englishimmigrants)
•Theworkofthetwowritersrosetothelevelofrealpoetry.★
2.TheAgeofReasonandRevolution理性与革命时期文学(1776--1820)
I.HistoricalBackground
•TheAgeofRevolution
•TheAgeofReason
TheAgeofRevolution★
AmericanRevolutionofIndependence(1776--1783)★
•Britain’ssuppressiononAmericaineconomyandpolitics
•RevoltagainstBritain
TheAgeofReason★
Enlightenment
•IntellectualmovementinEurope(1660’s—1780’s)★
•Humanism:
theequalityandfreedomamongmen
(tostimulateAmericanstostrivefortheestablishmentoftheirindependentanddemocraticnation)
•Rationalism:
reasonandorder
II.FeaturesofLiterature
•Utilitariantendency
(Nothingisgoodorbeautifulbutinthemeasurethatisuseful.)
•Clear,conciseandpowerfulexpression
•Essayasaprominentpart
III.WritersandWorks
Essayists
•ThomasPaine:
CommonSense★
(tomakeAmericansseethenecessitytohaveanindependentnationoftheirown)
•ThomasJefferson:
DeclarationofIndependence★
(toinspirehiscontemporaries)
•BenjaminFranklin本杰明.富兰克林:
Autobiography★
PoorRichard’sAlmanac★
Poet
•PhilipFreneau飞利浦.费瑞诺:
TotheMemoryoftheBraveAmericans★
TheWildHoneysuckle★
BenjaminFranklin本杰明.富兰克林(1706–1790)
Identity
•He’sawriter.
•He’sascientist.
•He’sabusinessman.
•He’sapolitician.
•He’saninventor.
•He’sthemostversatileandenligh-tenedmanofhisgeneration
•BornonMilkStreetinBoston,Massachusettsfromaverylargefamily.
•Attheageof12,apprenticedtobeanewspaperprinterinBoston.
•In1729,alreadyownedhisownprintingshopandpublishedthenewspaperPennsylvaniaGazette《宾夕法尼亚报》.
•In1732,offeredhisPoorRichard’sAlmanac《格言历书》.★
•From1771to1790,wrotehisAutobiography《自传》.★
•BeingoneofthosewhodraftedarticlesleadingtotheDeclarationofIndependence.
•Servedtodrafttheconstitution,whichwasfinallyadoptedin1789.
Literaryterm
•Autobiography:
-Awrittenaccountofone’sownlife.
-Autobiographicalwritingasaliterarygenre.
•Itissignificant:
(1)itisaclassicofitskindinAmericanliterature;
(2)itindicatesthefactthatFranklinwasthespokesmanofAmericanenlightenment.
•FranklinembodiedthetransitionfromPuritanpiety,andidealismtothemoresecularandutilitarianvaluesoftheAmericanenlighten-ment.
SignificanceofFranklin’sAutobiography
•Franklin’sautobiographyremainsoneoftheclassicsofitskind.ItshowsFranklinasamanofversatileenergyandnewideas,amanwhorepresentedAmerican.enlightenmentandthefulfillmentofAmericandream.
Itisahumorousandfascinatingrecordofanoldman’sreflectionsonhisrisefromapoorboytoarichandfamouspersonagethroughself-examination,self-reliance,andselfimprovement
PhilipFreneau飞利浦.费瑞诺(1752—1832)
I.Life
PoetoftheAmericanRevolution★
•InvolvementintheWar,andbrutaltreatmentbyBritishin1780
•Politicalsatires
•Patrioticrevolutionaryverses
FatherofAmericanPoetry★
•Returntonatureafterpoliticalposition
•Loveofrurallife
•Beautyandperfectionofnature
RomanticAttitudes★(浪漫主义先驱)
II.Featuresofpoems
Classificationoftwocategories
•PoemsonAmericanRevolution
HatredtowardtheBritishcolonists
Resentmenttowardslavery
•Poemsofnaturalbeauty
Subjectmatter:
Americanlandscapeandimages
ToavoidimitationofEnglishpoets
III.Works
•TotheMemoryoftheBraveAmericans《纪念英勇的美国人》★
•TheWildHoneySuckle《野金银花》★
3.AmericanRomanticism美国浪漫主义时期文学(1820-1860)
(Fromtheendofthe18thcenturythroughtheoutbreakofthecivilwar)★
FeatureofAmericanRomanticismwasbothimitativeandindepandent.★
Imitative:
EnglishandEuropeanRomanticists★
Independent:
EmersnandWhitman★
Romanticism→romantic→romance
•Romantic
remotefromthereallife
•Romance
storyabouttheadventureandloveofknights
•Romanticism
therevivalofromance
PreconditionofRomanticism
•Intellectually
Reactionagainstenlightenment
•Politically
InspiredbyFrenchrevolution
•Socially
Guidedbyprogressivecauses
•Emotionally
Emphasisonthevalueofindividual
•focusontheindividual’sexpressionofemotionandimagination
“Allgoodpoetryisthespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelings”
•aheightenedinterestinnature
AmericanRomanticism
TheFirstRenaissanceofAmericanLiterature
I.Background
Developmentofpolitics,economyandculture
•ExpansionoftheWest
•Riseofindustrialism
•Transmissionofliterature
•Progressiveanddevelopingsociety
RomanticmovementinEuropeancountries
Esp.inBritain
II.FeaturesofAmericanRomanticism
•Americanpuritanismasaculturalheritage
•Americanromanticismwasbothimitativeandindependent
•Itpresentedanewexperience;theexoticlandscape,thefrontierlifeandthewestwardexpansion
SectionIEarlyRomanticism
i.W.Irving华盛顿.欧文★
PopularizeromanticisminAmerican
•TheSketchBook《见闻札记》(thefirstworktowinfinancialsuccessonbothsidesoftheAtlantic)★
•LegendofSleepyHollow《睡谷传说》★
•RipVanWinkle《瑞凡.凡.温克尔》★
ii.J.F.Cooper库伯
•LeatherstockingTales《皮袜子故事集》(theAmericannationalexperienceofadventureintotheWest)★
•Thespy《间谍》★
iii.W.C.Bryant布莱恩特
•ToAWaterfowl《致水鸟》★
SectionII.SummitofRomanticism—AmericanTranscendentalism
I.Appearance:
NaturebyEmersonin1836★
II.Focusonintuitionandoversoul:
nature—thesymbolofspirit
i.R.W.Emerson爱默生★
•Nature《论自然》★
ii.H.D.Thoreau梭罗★
•Walden《瓦尔登湖》★
•CivilDisobedience《论公民之不服从》★
SectionIII.LateRomanticism
i.N.Hawthorne霍桑★
•TheScarletLetter《红字》★
ii.H.Melville赫尔曼.梅尔维尔★
•MobyDick《白鲸》★
•Typee《泰比》★
iii.E.A.Poe库泊★
•AnnabelLee《安娜贝尔.李》★
iv.H.W.Longfellow★
•APsalmofLife,SongofHiawatha★
v.W.Whitman★
•TheLeavesofGrass《草叶集》
vi.E.Dickinson★
EdgarAllanPoe爱伦.坡
•FamousAmericanpoet,short-storywriterandcritic★
•Fatherofmodernshortstory★
•Fatherofdetectivestoryandstoryofhorror★
I.Life(1809—1849)
•Deathofhisparents
•Breakwithhisfosterfather
(gamblinganddrinking)
•Workasaneditor
•Marriagetohiscousin
•Poverty,littlereputationinhislifetime
LifeStory
•BorninBostonin1809,Poewasorphanedattheageoftwo.
•PoewasadoptedbyJohnAllan.
•Poeranawayfromhome,duetohisgamblinganddrinkingdebts.
•Poehadtomakealivingbywritingoreditingsomemagazines
•Poemarriedhis13-yearoldcousin.Herearlydeathmayhaveinspired
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