中国哲学1.docx
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中国哲学1.docx
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中国哲学1
PhilosophicalIdeasandEthics
(1)
ListeninandSpeakout
DialogueYou’veGotaGoodStarttoStudyConfucianism
Exercise1Listentothedialogueandfillintheblanksappropriately.
Mr.GreenisteachingEnglishinNanjingUniversity.Heisgettingmoreandmoreinterestedin1___________.NowheistalkingwithLilyandaskingifshecouldgoto2____________onSundaywithhim.LilyisgivingMr.Green3___________toseehowmuchheknowsaboutthisphilosophy.TheConfucianworkshementionsare4_________and5____________.Alsothemajormoralprinciples(concepts)inConfucianismare6___________and7___________.LilyseemsquiteimpressedwithMr.Green’sanswersandshepraiseshimbysaying“you’vereallygot”8_________.They’vedecidedtomeetat9_________onSundaymorning.Mr.GreenwillpickLilyupat10_________.
Mr.GreenisteachingEnglishinNanjingUniversity.HeisgettingmoreandmoreinterestedinConfucianism.NowheistalkingwithLilyandaskingifshecouldgototheConfuciusTempleonSundaywithhim.LilyisgivingMr.Greenaquiztoseehowmuchheknowsaboutthisphilosophy.TheConfucianworkshementionsareTheFourBooksandTheFiveClassics.AlsothemajormoralprinciplesinConfucianismareRenandLi.LilyseemsquiteimpressedwithMr.Green’sanswersandshepraiseshimbysaying“you’vereallygotagoodstartinthestudyofConfucianism”.They’vedecidedtomeetat8o’clockonSundaymorning.Mr.GreenwillpickLilyupatthegateoflibrary.
Exercise2listentothedialogueagainandanswerthefollowingquestionsbriefly.
1)WhatareincludedintheFourBooksandFiveClassics?
2)WhataretheimportantmoralconceptsofConfucianismaccordingtothedialogue?
3)HowdidMr.GreenexplainthemeaningofRenandLirespectively?
4)WhataretheothervirtuesofConfucianismmentionedinthedialogue?
1)WhatareincludedintheFourBooksandFiveClassics?
TheFourBooksincludeTheAnalects,TheMencius,TheGreatLearning,TheDoctrineoftheMean.四书指的是《论语》《孟子》《大学》和《中庸》TheFiveClassics五经(五种经典)include《易经》TheBookofChange、《尚书》TheBookofHistory、《诗经》TheBookofPoetry、《礼记》TheBookofRites、《春秋》TheSpringandAutumnAnnals(编年史、年鉴)。
themean:
theaverageamount,figure,orvalue平均数,平均值
a\themeanbetweensomethingandsomething:
amethodorwayofdoingsomethingwhichisbetweentwoverydifferentmethodsandbetterthaneitherofthem中庸之道,折中的办法(介于两者不同办法之间而比两者都好的做某事的一种办法)
It’sacaseoffindingthemeanbetweenfirmnessandcompassion.这是一个在严格和同情之间找出折中办法的问题。
2)WhataretheimportantmoralconceptsofConfucianismaccordingtothedialogue?
TheyareRenandLi.
3)HowdidMr.GreenexplainthemeaningofRenandLirespectively?
Renislove,benevolence,goodnessandhumanity;Liistheguidelinesforproperconduct.
4)WhataretheothervirtuesofConfucianismmentionedinthedialogue?
Righteousness正直,propriety礼仪,礼节,integrity正直,诚实,andfilial(子女的,孝顺的)piety(虔诚)忠孝
MonologueAMyUnderstandingofHappiness2:
53
Exercise1Listentothemonologueandjudgewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.
1)Intheauthor’sopinion,themostimportantthingforbuildinguphappinessistodevelopsocialrelationswithpeople.______
2)ManyAmericanpeoplewhopursuesuccesswould,intheend,oftenbetraytheirfriendsanddestroytheirfamilies.______
3)Theessenceofhappinessisnothingbuttheunconditionallovewehaveforpeopleinourlives._______
4)Wecouldworkhardtoenhanceourself-esteem(self-worth)inmanydifferentwaysifwethinkonlyaboutourselves.______
5)Joyinlifeisnotnecessarilytheoppositeofdespairanditmaygrowoutofdespair,andviceversa._______
Exercise2Listentothemonologueagainandcompletethefollowingstatements.
Withoutanyquestion,thekeytohappiness,inmyopinion,liesinallthe1__________withthepeopleinourlives.
Itisthepeopleinourliveswhobringusthemosthappiness.Family,friendsandco-workers,allarepartofour2_________,sharingourexperiences,hopesanddreams,successesandfailures,joysandpains.Toooften,manyofusgetonthe3____________andtakeeachotherforgranted.Manypeoplepursuesuccessonlytofindthemselvesisolatedandwithoutfriends.Lonelinessisa4____________inAmerica;itdestroyslives.Actuallymanyareoldenoughtoremembertheoldsaying“5___________________”,yetwestriveformaterialobjectsandpayahighprice.The6___________ofhappinessistheunconditionallovewehaveforthepeopleinourlivesandtheirunconditionalloveforus.Toliveonlyforourselveswillbringusnothingbut7____________.
A8_________lifeisanunhappylife.Selfishnessis9___________tohappiness.Ourfeelingsof10_______________causeustobetakersratherthangivers.Ourselfishnessisoftena11____________.Ifwedon’tthinktoomuchaboutourselves,wehavealotofworktodoinorderto12_______________.Wemustliveforsomethinggreaterthanourselves.Tobehappy,wemustgetoutofourselves.Anunhappypersonmust13____________________,tofindhappiness.Itrulybelievethatthehappiestpeoplearethosewholovemanythings.Theylovechildren,familyandfriends.Theylove14_____________.Theylovelife.Theyhaveevenlearnedtolove15_______________.Wemustnotsetupthingslikejoyas16________________.Thesethingsare17__________________________________.SomeofthegreatestwisdomI’veevergainedwasfromdespairingsituations.
Withoutanyquestion,thekeytohappiness,inmyopinion,liesinallthe1ongoingrelationshipswiththepeopleinourlives.
Itisthepeopleinourliveswhobringusthemosthappiness.Family,friendsandco-workers,allarepartofour2innercircle,sharingourexperiences,hopesanddreams,successesandfailures,joysandpains.Toooften,manyofusgetonthe3fasttrackoflifeandtakeeachotherforgranted.Manypeoplepursuesuccessonlytofindthemselvesisolatedandwithoutfriends.Lonelinessisa4nationaltragedyinAmerica;itdestroyslives.Actuallymanyareoldenoughtoremembertheoldsaying“5Moneydoesn’tbuyhappiness”,yetwestriveformaterialobjectsandpayahighprice.The6essenceofhappinessistheunconditionallovewehaveforthepeopleinourlivesandtheirunconditionalloveforus.Toliveonlyforourselveswillbringusnothingbut7sadnessandmisery.
A8self-centeredlifeisanunhappylife.Selfishnessis9amajorblocktohappiness.Ourfeelingsof10insecurityandlowself-esteemcauseustobetakersratherthangivers.Ourselfishnessisoftena11maskforfear.Ifwedon’tthinktoomuchaboutourselves,wehavealotofworktodoinorderto12enhanceourself-worth.Wemustliveforsomethinggreaterthanourselves.Tobehappy,wemustgetoutofourselves.Anunhappypersonmust13turnoutward,notinward,tofindhappiness.Itrulybelievethatthehappiestpeoplearethosewholovemanythings.Theylovechildren,familyandfriends.Theylove14sunrisesandsun-sets.Theylovelife.Theyhaveevenlearnedtolove15painanddespair.Wemustnotsetupthingslikejoyas16beingtheoppositeofdespair.Thesethings17arereallyonethingandoftengrowoutofeachother.SomeofthegreatestwisdomI’veevergainedwasfromdespairingsituations.
MonologueBSocrates,aGreatPhilosopher5:
24
Exercise1Listentothemonologueandjudgewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.
1)SocrateswasoneofthegreatestGreekphilosophers.______
2)Socratesinheritedhisfather’sskillsinstonesculpture._______
3)Socratesbegantothinkphilosophicallyonlywhenhewasinhismiddleage.________
4)WhenSocratesaskedpeoplequestions,theyweregladtoanswer._______
5)PeoplebecameangryatSocratessincehecriticizedpeoplewhentheyansweredthequestionswrong.________
6)PlatowasoneofSocrates’disciples追随者,门徒,信徒aswellashisphilosophicalfollower.________
7)Socrateswaschargedwithimpiety(notrespectingthegods)andsentencedtodeathinhismiddleage._________
8)TheauthorissurethatSocrateswasnotagainstdemocracy._______
Exercise2Listentothepassageagainandanswerthefollowingquestions.
1)WhowerethefirstthreegiantAthenianphilosophers?
2)WhatkindofquestionsdidSocratesaskpeopletoanswer?
3)ForwhatdidpeoplechargeSocratesincourt?
1)WhowerethefirstthreegiantAthenianphilosophers?
(Socrates,PlatoandAristotle)
2)WhatkindofquestionsdidSocratesaskpeopletoanswer?
(Heaskedthemsomedifficultquestionslike“whatiswisdom?
”and“whatisbeauty”and“whatistherightthingtodo.”)
3)ForwhatdidpeoplechargeSocratesincourt?
(Theychargehimincourtwithimpietyandcorruptingtheyouth.Theyalsothoughthewasagainstdemocracybecausehethoughtthesmartestpeopleshouldmakethedecisionsforeveryone.)
阴阳五行
TraditionalChinesemedicineisauniqueandcomprehensive(综合的)systemdistinctivefromtheWesternmedicine.Philosophicallyspeaking,theunderstandingofhumanbodyinTCMcanbecomparedtotheunderstandingofthewholeuniverse.TheretheoriesaretakenasthefundamentalbasisofTCM.
1.ThetheoryofYinandYang
Accordingtothistheory,everythingintheuniverseconsistsoftwooppositepropertieswhicharealsodependentuponeachother:
YinandYang.Thesetwobasicfactorsareguidedbytheuniversallawofunity.Whenappliedtomedicine,thistheoryholdsthatYinandYangexistbetweeninsideandoutsideaspectsofeveryissueandstructureofthehumanbody.Whenthesetwoaspectsarekeptwithincertainboundsthatrepresentsagoodbalance,thebodyisingoodhealth;butifthebalanceisbroken,diseasesaresurelytooccur.
2.Thet
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