派生词.docx
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派生词.docx
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派生词
派生词
派生词
在新课标全国卷的语法填空题中,有涉及单词的形式变化的题目。
此外,新考纲要求考生掌握3500多个英语单词。
因此,掌握常用派生词的构词方法不仅能帮助同学们做好语法填空题,还能帮助同学们扩大词汇量,为同学们在高考中稳操胜券奠定基础。
一、名词后缀
1.动词+ion/tion/sion→名词(表示动作或动作过程)
correctv.改正;纠正 correctionn.改正
celebratev.庆祝celebrationn.庆祝;庆祝会
concludev.完成;结束conclusionn.结论;结束
2.动词+er/or→名词(表示从事某种职业或进行某种活动的人)
drivev.驾驶开车;驱赶 drivern.司机;驾驶员
gatherv.聚集;采集gatherern.收集者;采集者
conductv.指挥;管理conductorn.指挥;售票员
3.动词+ment→名词
punishv.惩罚punishmentn.惩罚
4.动词/形容词+th→名词
warmadj.温暖的warmthn.温暖
growv.生长growthn.生长
5.形容词+y→名词
difficultadj.困难的difficultyn.困难
honestadj.诚实的honestyn.诚实
6.形容词+ness→名词
kindadj.善良的kindnessn.善良
7.动词+ance→名词
annoyvt.使烦恼annoyancen.生气;烦恼
8.ship结尾的名词(表示身份;关系;资格)
membern.成员;会员membershipn.会员资格
professorn.教授professorshipn.教授身份
9.ing结尾的名词
gardenn.花园gardeningn.园艺
greetv.打招呼;问候greetingsn.问候
[针对训练]
语篇填空(用所给单词的适当形式完成下列短文)
A
Fromthe1.________________(express)onMary’sface,heknewheleftabad2.________________(impress)onherandifshewonthe3.________________(elect)tobecomechairmanoftheEnvironment4.________________(organize),hecouldnotgether5.________________(permit)tojoinitalthoughhewaswillingtodohisbittoridtheworldof6.________________(pollute)andtohelppeopleenjoyabetterearth.Whenhewaswonderinghowtochangethisembarrassingsituation,hegot7.________________(inspire)fromhiswife’swords.Yes,heshouldtryhisbesttowintheelectionandbecomechairmanhimselfwithhis8.________________(determine)toworkfortheorganization.“Mydear,youarereallyawonderful9.____________(help)!
I’msureIwillbethe10.___________(win)oftheelection.”Hesaidtohiswifeexcitedly.
B
ItwasreallyahardtimewhenLiPingfirstcametotheUnitedStates.His1.________________(earn)couldhardlycovertheexpenses,sowhenhiswifegave2.________________(bear)totheirseconddaughter,theycouldnotaffordenoughnutritionfood.Soon,poornutritioncausedthe3.________________(die)ofthepoorbaby.4.________________(lonely)wasanotherproblembecausetheyhadno5.________________(relate)orfriendsthere.Thankstohis6.________________(brave)and7.________________(persevere),hemanagedtogainthe8.________________(citizen)oftheUnitedStatesandintheendhehadhispermanent9.________________(settle).Healwaystellshischildrenlikethis:
Perseveranceleadsto10.________________(happy)andsuccess.
二、形容词后缀
1.常见形容词后缀
(1)名词+al→形容词(表示“有……属性”,“与……有关”)
agriculturen.农业 agriculturaladj.农业的
(2)动词+ive→形容词
decidev.决定;下决心decisiveadj.决定性的;关键的
(3)动词+able→形容词(表示“能够”,“适于”,“值得”)
changev.变化;兑换
changeableadj.易变的;变化无常的
(4)名词+ful→形容词
caren.小心;关心carefuladj.小心的;仔细的
(5)名词+less→形容词(意思与原名词相反)
caren.小心;关心carelessadj.粗心的
(6)名词+ly→形容词
friendn.朋友friendlyadj.友好的
(7)名词+y→形容词
dirtn.污物;脏物dirtyadj.脏的
(8)名词+ous→形容词
dangern.危险dangerousadj.危险的
2.复合形容词的构成
(1)形容词+ing分词 easygoing随和的
(2)形容词+名词+ed kindhearted善良的;好心的
(3)名词+ed分词 watercovered被水覆盖的
(4)副词+ed分词 wellwritten写得好的
(5)数词+名词+ed threelegged三条腿的
[针对训练]
Ⅰ.阅读下列句子,写出画线单词的意思
1.Itfeelslikeanunbelievablestrokeofluck—offate,really.(2012·四川高考阅读C)( )
2.Thegoodworkingconditioninthiscityisattractive.( )
3.Youcanrelyonhimbecauseheisreliable.( )
4.Herwordsstruckfearintoherheartsothatshewassleeplessallnightlong,afraidofbeingkilledunexpectedlysomeday.( )
5.Itwasafrostycoldmorningwhenhesetofffortheremotevillage.( )
Ⅱ.语篇填空
A:
用所给单词的适当形式完成下列短文
Lucylikestalkingandeverybodysayssheis1.________________(communicate).Sheis2.________________(act)inansweringtheteachers’questionsandfromtimetotimeherclassmatesfindheranswersquite3.________________(impress)and4.________________(accept).Ofcourse,noteverystudentlikesher,butshehasmanyfriendswhothinkLucyisa5.________________(create)and6.________________(help)girl.Forexample,sheonceleda7.________________(home)childtoherhomeandmadethechildheryoungersister.Besides,shespent8.________________(count)hourscaringforasickneighboruntilshewaswellagain.Sheis9.________________(friend)tothosewhohavedifficultywiththeirsubjects.Allinall,Lucyisthemost10.________________(fame)girlinherschool.
B:
运用所学构词知识完成下列短文
Ourjourneywasfarreachingamongstsnowcovered/capped(雪封的)mountainswhereno________________(说英语的)peoplelive.Thelocalpeopleare________________(相貌好看的),________________(随和的)and________________(勤劳的).Ourhostesswas________________(年老的),________________(白发苍苍的)and________________(被太阳晒伤的).Shegaveme________________(自家做的)yaksmilkcake,looking________________(自足的)asIenjoyedthisraretreatalthoughvery________________(著名)and________________(广泛流传)aroundhere.IwasexhaustedwhenIfellintothe________________(准备好了的)bedshepreparedforme.
三、动词词缀
1.前缀en+形容词→动词
enrichv.丰富 enlargev.变大;增大;扩大
2.形容词+en→动词
shortenv.缩短 widenv.加宽
3.fy结尾的动词
simplifyv.简化 classifyv.归类
4.ize结尾的动词
realizev.认识到 popularizev.普及
[针对训练]
Ⅰ.阅读下列句子,写出画线部分的意思
1.Extracurricularactivitiesenablethestudentstoknowhowtoapplytheknowledgelearnedinthetextbooks.( )
2.Thetwocountriesaretryingtheirbesttonormalize_their_relationship.( )
3.Somethinkthatstudyingabroadcanbroaden_their_horizons.( )
4.Youwillhorrifythebabyifyouspeaktooloudly.( )
Ⅱ.用所给单词的适当形式填空
1.Tryyourbestto________________(memory)thesenewwords.
2.Thequestionmustbe________________(simple)sothatwecanfindoutasolutiontoit.
3.Itcostsalotofmoneyifweplanto________________(pure)thewastewater.
4.He________________(quick)hisstepstoarrivehomeearlier.
5.Youcan________________(large)yourvocabularyifyoukeeponmemorizingsomenewwordseveryday.
四、否定词缀
1.表示否定意义的前缀
un不,非 unable不能够 unlucky不幸的
dis不,非 dishonest不诚实的 discontinuous不连贯的
in不,非 inactive不活跃的 incorrect不正确的
im不,非 impatient不耐烦的 impossible不可能的
ir不,非 irregular不规则的 irresponsible不负责任的
il不,非 illogical不合逻辑的 illegal非法的
non不,非 nonexistent不存在的 nonstop直达的;连续不断的
mis错误 mislead误导 misunderstand误解
dis+动词(意义相反) dislike不喜欢 disagree不同意
un+动词(意义相反) uncover揭开 undress脱衣服
2.表示否定意义的后缀
名词+less→否定意义的形容词
usen.用处;用途 uselessadj.无用的
hopen.希望hopelessadj.没有希望的;绝望的
homen.家homelessadj.无家可归的
[针对训练]
Ⅰ.阅读下列短文,写出画线单词的意思
A1.misconceptionwasthatthehightemperaturecausedthebigfire.However,MissWangknewitwasnotthetruestory.Sosheinsistedthatthegovernmentshouldmakethetruthknowntothepublic.WhenMissWangknewthatherappealwas2.disallowed,_shefeltrather3.disappointed.Shedecidedto4.disclosethetruth:
itwashumanerrorsthatweretoblamefortheterribledisaster.Shewantedtotellthepublicaboutthecoldnessofsomeofficials.Shebelievedthatthetruthmustbe5.uncoverednow.
1.__________________________ 2.__________________________ 3.__________________________
4.____________________________ 5.____________________________
Ⅱ.语篇填空(用所给单词的适当形式完成下列短文)
Thespeechseemedtobe1.________________(stop)andthelistenersbecamevery2.________________(patient).Whenthespeakersaidthatoilwas3.________________(renew)andthatthebestwaytosolvetheproblemwasnottomakecarsandbusestoforcepeopletogotoworkorschoolonfoot,theaudiencethoughtitwas4.________________(practice)and5.________________(bear)tolistentohimanylonger.They6.________________(believe)thattheworldwouldgosmoothlywithoutthesemoderntransportations.Theyalsothoughtthatthespeakerwas7.________________(responsible)tomakesuchastatementwithoutthinkingitcarefullyandhisspeechwouldcausesome8.________________(understand).Somostofthelistenerschosetoleave,shoutingloudlyandangrily.
五、正确使用派生词
1.动词、介词、冠词、物主代词等词类后一般接名词或动名词。
如果所给单词是其他词类,就要将其改为名词,并注意名词数的变化。
(1)Doyouknowthe________________(deep)oftheriver?
(2)His________________(careful)resultedintheterribleaccident.
(3)Heisoneofthe________________(science)whosupportthistheory.
2.动词、介词后一般接名词或动名词。
所给单词为动词,就要看该动词是否有名词形式。
如果有名词形式,就用其名词形式。
如果该动词没有名词形式,就用其动名词形式。
此外,如果所给动词有名词形式,就要看其后有无宾语。
如果后有宾语,用动名词形式;后无宾语,则用名词形式。
(1)Pleasepay________________(attend)toyourhandwriting.
动词attend本身有名词形式attention,所以不用动名词attending。
(2)His________________(arrive)madethesituationworse.
动词arrive本身有名词形式arrival,所以不用动名词arriving。
(3)Theteacherwasangryatmy________________(come)late.
动词come没有名词,所以用动名词coming。
(4)Thankyouforyourhelp(help).
Thankyoufor________________(help)me.
(5)Iwashappybecauseofhis________________(appreciate).
Iwashappybecauseofhis________________(appreciate)myspeech.
上面两组句子中,helping与appreciating后都带有宾语,故用动名词。
help与appreciation后没有宾语,故用名词形式。
3.动词前后、形容词前后可有副词。
如果所需词为副词时,还要考虑副词级的变化。
(1)Theboyran________________(quick)toschool.
(2)“What’sthat?
”Fathershouted________________(angry).
(3)Thelittlegirlis________________(extreme)eagertoknowtheresultoftheexam.
(4)Yourcompositionis________________(bad)organized.Pleasedoyourwritingexercisemore________________(attend)nexttime.
(5)You’redrivingtoofast.Canyoudriveabitmore________________(slow)?
4.名词前面一般可有形容词修饰语。
如果所需词为形容词时,还要考虑形容词级的变化。
(1)What’sthe________________(width)riverintheworld?
(2)The________________(strength)webecome,themoremodestweshouldbe.
[针对训练]
Ⅰ.用所给单词的适当形式填空
1.Marywasvery________________atthenews,soshelooked________________atherhusband,hereyesfullof________________.(sad)
2.He________________footballverywellandhewasoneofthebest________________inyesterday’sfootballmatch.(play)
3.Look!
How_______
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