华中科技大学英语考博真题.docx
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华中科技大学英语考博真题.docx
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华中科技大学英语考博真题
华中科技大学2013年博士研究生
入学考试试题
一、完型填空
BARACKOBAMA,inhisstate-of-the-unionspeechonFebruary12th,calledforaneweraofscientificdiscovery.“Nowisthetimetoreacha levelofresearchanddevelopmentnotseensincethe height ofthespacerace,”hedeclared.Hepraisedprojectstomapthehumanbrainandaccelerate regenerativemedicine.Thiswouldmeanspendingmoreonresearch.AsTheEconomistwentto press,America’sgovernmentwasabouttodotheopposite.
2月12日,贝拉克?
奥巴马在国情咨文演讲中号召人民开启科研成果新纪元。
他宣布:
“自太空竞赛取胜以来,我们始终未能将科技研发推向一个新高度,现在是时候了。
”他还表扬了大脑活动图谱绘制工程和再生医学提速项目。
这意味着他打算在科研上投入更多的经费。
本期《经济学人》付印时,美国政府正欲背道而驰。
FederalspendingisduetobecutonMarch1st,theresultofalongbrawl over thedeficit.Complexpoliticstriggeredthis“sequester”(Congressexcelsatnothingifnotelaboratedysfunction)butthesequesteritselfisbrutallysimple.Americawillcut$85billionfromthisyear’sbudget(about2.5%ofspending),split betweenmilitaryandnon-militaryprogrammes.AmongtheareastobesqueezedisR&D,andmedicalresearchinparticular.
赤字当前,各政客长期意见不合,导致联邦自动减支于3月1日强制启动。
政局复杂导致了“财政封存”(国会只擅长把紊乱的政局变得更糟),但是“财政封存”却简单得要命。
美国将在本年度预算中削减850亿美元(约为总开支的2.5%),由军事开支和非军事开支共同分担。
研发项目开支也将被削减,而医学研究首当其冲。
ForyearsAmericahasenjoyedpre-eminenceinresearch,butthisis fading.Chineseinvestment(includingbothpublicandprivatemoney)morethanquintupledfrom2000to2010,to$160billion,in2005prices.America’sR&Dspendingrosebyjust22%overthatperiod,accordingtotheOECD.Researchalso makesup asmallerportionofAmerica’seconomythansomeothercountries’.InarankingofR&Dspendingasa share ofGDP,Americacametenthin2011.Adecadeearlieritwassixth.
美国历年都在科研方面独占鳌头,但现在她龙头的光环越来越小。
以2005年价格核算,2010年中国的研发投资是2000年的5倍多,达1600亿美元;而据经济合作与发展组织称,同期美国只增加了22%。
同时,研究经费在美国经济中所占的比例比其他一些国家都要小。
在2011年研发开支占GDP比例上,美国排名第十,而十年前,美国位居第六。
Nevertheless,Americaremainstheworld’sbiggest engine forinnovation.Itspent$366billiononresearchin2011,comparedwith$275billionbyall27countriesoftheEuropeanUnion. Despite China’srapidascent,AmericastillspendsmorethantwiceasmuchonR&D.Subsidieshelp.America’sgovernmentpaysforaboutone-thirdofall domestic researchandformostbasicscience.
然而,美国仍然是全球最大的创新引擎。
2011年,美国在科研上投入了3660亿美元,而27个欧盟国家的总投入仅有2750亿美元。
虽然中国涨势迅猛,美国在研发上的开支仍比中国高出1倍以上。
这少不了补贴的功劳。
美国政府承担国内三分之一左右的研究经费及多数基础科学费用。
Medicineisoneofthemain beneficiaries.America’sNationalInstitutesofHealth(NIH)istheworld’sbiggestfunderofbiomedicalresearch.Itpaysforriskybasicscience;companiespayfor later stagesofdevelopment.Forexample,theNIHsupportedearlyresearchintomonoclonalantibodies.By2010suchresearchunderpinnedfiveofAmerica’s20bestsellingdrugs.Asdrugfirmstrimtheirbudgets,theNIH’sworkisbecomingevenmorevital.Butsince2003,inflation-adjustedspendingonmedicalresearchhasdeclined.
医学研究成了补贴的主要受益对象。
美国国家卫生研究所(NIH)是世界最大的生物医学研究投资方。
对于成功率较低的基础科学,开始阶段的研究由研究会买单,而后阶段的开发则由各大公司支付。
比如,NIH支付了单克隆抗体早期的研发费用。
截至2010年,美国最畅销的20种药物中,有5种来自于这种方式。
药物公司的预算减少,NIH的作用就更加重要了。
然而,由于通胀所迫,医学研究经费自2003年起也有所下降。
Withthesequesterpublicinvestmentwillshrinkfurther.America’stotaloutlay on R&Dwilldropby$8.7billionthisyear,accordingtotheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience.FrancisCollins,theNIH’sdirector,saysthathisorganisationwillspend$1.6billionlessin2013—acutof5.1%—and$16billionlessoverthenextdecade.Hundredsofgrantswillnotbeawarded.Existinggranteeswillreceiveonly90%ofthecashpromisedtothem.
由于财政封存,国家投资将进一步减少。
据美国科学发展协会称,今年美国在研发上的总支出会减少87亿美元。
NIH所长弗朗西斯?
柯林斯(FrancisCollins)说,今年,NIH的开支也会缩减16亿美元,减少约5.1%。
在未来十年内,将减少160亿美元;数百项项目经费也将取消。
已申请成功的人士也只能拿到约定经费总额的九成。
Thesecutswillspeedthe erosion ofAmericansupremacyinresearch.InDecemberBattelle,aresearchgroup,predictedthatChinawould surpass America’sspendingby2023.Thankstothesequester,thatdatemaycomeearlier.
美国在研究领域的龙头地位已经不保,以上各项开支削减进一步加快了其下滑速度。
去年12月,巴特尔研究中心预测,中国的科研经费将在2023年赶超美国。
拜财政封存所赐,这天将来得更早了。
Buttherealproblemisabsolute,notrelative,andaffectsthewholeworld,notjustAmerica.R&Disararetypeofpublicspendingthat stimulates growth.Knowledgeiscumulative,easytoshareandgeneratesbenefitsthat spill rapidlyacrossborders.DrCollinssaysthatcutstotheNIHwillslowworkonAlzheimer’sdisease,auniversalfluvaccineandcancertherapies,tonamejustafew.
二、阅读
Part1
ForyearsscholarshavecontrastedslaveryintheUnitedStatesandinBrazil,stimulatedbythefactthatracialpatternsassumedsuchdifferentaspectsinthetwocountriesafteremancipation.Brazilneverdevelopedasystemofrigidsegregation ofthesort(ofthesort:
那样的;这类的...., 诸如此类的...) thatreplacedslaveryintheUnitedStates,anditsracialsystemwasfluidbecauseitsdefinitionofracewasbasedasmuchoncharacteristicssuchaseconomicstatusasonskincolor.Untilrecently,themostpersuasiveexplanationforthesedifferenceswasthatPortugueseinstitutionsespeciallytheRomanCatholicchurchandRoman civillaw(civillaw:
n.民法),promotedrecognitionoftheslave’shumanity.TheEnglishcolonists,ontheotherhand,constructedtheirsystemofslavery outofwholecloth(wholecloth:
purefabricationusuallyusedinthephrase outofwholecloth).ThereweresimplynoprecedentsinEnglish commonlaw(commonlaw:
习惯法),andseparationofchurchandstatebarredProtestantclergyfromtherolethatpriestsassumedinBrazil.
Buttheassumptionthatinstitutionsalonecouldsopowerfullyaffectthehistoryoftworawandmalleable frontier(anewfieldforexploitativeordevelopmentalactivity)countriesseems,onreexamination,untenable.Recentstudiesfocusinsteadonaparticularsetofcontrastingeconomiccircumstancesanddemographicprofilesatsignificantperiodsinthehistoriesofthetwocountries.Personsofmixedracequicklyappearedinbothcountries.IntheUnitedStatestheywereconsideredtobeBlack,asocialdefinitionthatwasfeasiblebecausetheywereintheminority.InBrazil,itwasnotfeasible.Thoughintermarriagewasillegalinbothcountries,thelawswereunenforceableinBrazilsinceWhitesformedasmallminorityinanoverwhelminglyBlackpopulation.ManumissionforpersonsofmixedracewasalsoeasierinBrazil,particularlyinthenineteenthcenturywhenintheUnitedStatesitwashedgedaboutwithdifficulties.Furthermore,ashortageofskilledworkersinBrazilprovidedpersonsofmixedracewiththeopportunitytolearncraftsandtrades,evenbeforegeneralemancipation,whereasintheUnitedStatesentryintotheseoccupationswasblockedbyWhitessufficientlynumeroustofilltheposts.TheconsequencewasthedevelopmentinBrazilofalargeclassofpersonsofmixedrace,proficientinskilledtradesandcrafts,whostoodwaitingasacommunityforfreedslavestojoin.
ThereshouldbenoillusionthatBraziliansocietyafteremancipationwascolor-blind.Rather,thelargepopulationofpersonsofmixedraceproducedaracialsystemthatincludedathirdstatus,abridgebetweentheBlackcasteandtheWhite,whichcouldbetraversedbymeansofeconomicorintellectualachievement,marriage,orracialheritage.ThestrictandsharplinebetweentheracessocharacteristicoftheUnitedStatesintheyearsimmediatelyafteremancipationwassimplyabsent.WiththepossibleexceptionofNewOrleans,nospecial“place”developedintheUnitedStatesforpersonsofmixedrace.Sadtosay,everypressureofsocietyworkedtopreventtheirattaininganythingapproximatingtheeconomicandsocialpositionavailabletotheircounterpartsinBrazil.
1.Inthepassage,theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith
(A)contrastingthesystemsofslaverythatwereestablishedinBrazilandintheUnitedStates
(B)criticizingtheargumentsofthosescholarswhoconsideredreligionandlawtobethedeterminantsofthesystemsofslaveryinBrazilandintheUnitedStates
(C)describingthefactorscurrentlythoughttoberesponsibleforthedifferencesintheracialpatternsthatevolvedinBrazilandintheUnitedStates
(D)advocatingfurtherstudyofthedifferencesbetweentheracialsystemsthatdevelopedinBrazilandintheUnitedStates
(E)pointingoutthefactorsthatmadethestatusofBlacksintheUnitedStateslowerthanthatofBlacksinBrazil
2.Accordingtothepassage,earlyscholarsexplainedthedifferencesbetweentheracialsystemsthatdevelopedintheUnitedStatesandinBrazilastheresultofwhichofthefollowingfactors?
(A)Institutional
(B)Demographic
(C)Economic
(D)Geographical
(E)Historical
3.Inthecontextinwhichitisfound,thephrase“constructedtheirsystemofslaveryoutofwholecloth”(lines15-16)impliesthatthesystemofslaveryestablishedbytheEnglishsettlerswas
(A)basedonfabricationsandlies
(B)tailoredtothesettlers’particularcircumstances
(C)intendedtoservetheneedsofafrontiereconomy
(D)developedwithoutdirectinfluencefromthesettlers’religionorlegalsystem
(E)evolvedwithoutgivingrecognitiontotheslave’shumanity
4.TheauthorimpliesthattheexplanationproposedbyearlyscholarsforthedifferencesbetweenthesystemsofslaveryintheUnitedStatesandinBrazilis
(A)stimulatingtohistoriansandlegalscholars
(B)morepowerfulthanmorerecentexplanations
(C)persuasiveinspiteofminordeficiencies
(D)excessivelylegalisticinitsapproach
(E)questionableinlightofcurrentscholarlywork
5.Theauthormentionsintermarriage,manumission,andtheshortageofskilledworkersinBrazilprimarilyinordertoestablishwhichofthefollowing?
(A)TheenvironmentinwhichBrazil’sracialsystemdeveloped
(B)TheinfluenceofdifferentlegalandeconomicconditionsinBrazilandtheUnitedStatesonthelife-styleofpersonsofmix
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