高考英语一轮复习专题19篇章结构题教学案.docx
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高考英语一轮复习专题19篇章结构题教学案.docx
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高考英语一轮复习专题19篇章结构题教学案
2019-2020年高考英语一轮复习专题19篇章结构题教学案
1 命题方式的特点
篇章结构题主要考查考生在理解全文的基础上对文章描述事件的发展、所说明事物的结构或论述观点过程中使用的论证方法进行推理、分析和总结的能力。
2 常见的设问方式
(1)Howisthepassageorganized?
(2)Whichofthefollowingbestshowsthestructureofthepassage?
(3)Theauthordevelopsthepassagemainlyby______.
3 篇章结构题的注意事项
考生在做该题型时要学会把握文章的脉络,理解段落层次之间的关系,弄清作者的写作方法。
英语的文章讲究使用主题段和主题句。
主题段通常在文章的开头,简要概括文章的中心思想,主题句根据段落的写作手法的不同可能在段落的开头,也可能出现在段落的中间或末尾。
段与段之间常用词语连接,承上启下,使文章行文连贯,逻辑严密。
为突出主题,作者可能采用不同的写作手法来组织文章,通过举例、比较、类比等手法来透彻阐明主题观点。
[考法综述] 该类题主要考查文章发展的脉络、各段落的层次关系以及写作手法,如举例、比较、类比等论证手法。
命题法1 段落组织方法
典例1 Theproductionofcoffeebeansisahuge,profitable,business,but,unfortunately,fullsunproductionistakingovertheindustryandbringingaboutalotofdamage.Thechangeinhowcoffeeisgrownfromshadegrownproductiontofullsunproductionendangerstheveryexistenceofcertainanimalsandbirds,andevendisturbstheworld'secologicalbalance.
Onalocallevel,thedamageoftheforestrequiredbyfullsunfieldsaffectsthearea'sbirdsandanimals.Theshadeoftheforesttreesprovidesahomeforbirdsandotherspecies(物种)thatdependonthetrees'flowersandfruits.Full-suncoffeegrowersdestroythisforesthome.Asaresult,manyspeciesarequicklydyingout.
Onamoregloballevel,thedestructionoftherainforestforfullsuncoffeefieldsalsothreatens(威胁)humanlife.Medicalresearchoftenmakesuseoftheforests'plantandanimallife,andthedestructionofsuchspeciescouldpreventresearchersfromfindingcuresforcertaindiseases.Inaddition,newcoffeegrowingtechniquesarepoisoningthewaterlocally,andeventuallytheworld'sgroundwater.
Bothlocallyandglobally,thecontinuedspreadoffullsuncoffeeplantations(种植园)couldmeanthedestructionoftherainforestecology.Thelossofshadetreesisalreadycausingaslightchangeintheworld'sclimate,andstudiesshowthatthelossofoxygengivingtreesalsoleadstoairpollutionandglobalwarming.Moreover,thenewgrowingtechniquesarecontributingtoacidic(酸性的)soilconditions.
Itisobviousthatthewaymuchcoffeeisgrownaffectsmanyaspectsoflife,fromthelocalenvironmenttotheglobalecology.Butconsumersdohaveachoice.Theycanpurchaseshadegrowncoffeewheneverpossible,althoughatahighercost.Thefuturehealthoftheplanetandmankindissurelyworthmorethananinexpensivecupofcoffee.
Whichofthefollowingshowsthestructureofthewholetext?
(P:
Paragraph)
[答案] A 篇章结构题。
文章第一段介绍了阳光充足的咖啡生产的话题;二、三、四段介绍了阳光充足的咖啡生产带来的破坏;第五段劝说人们去购买对环境有利的阴凉处种植的咖啡,所以是总分总的结构,故选A。
【解题法】 段落组织方法的解题思路
(1)通读全文,把握各段大意。
(2)确定段落组织框架。
①总分式:
总分;分总;总分总。
②并列式:
段落之间是平行关系。
③对照式:
一正一反。
命题法2 写作方法(论证方法)类
典例2 Foodservesasaformofcommunicationintwofundamentalways.Sharingbreadorotherfoodsisacommonhumantraditionthatcanpromoteunityandtrust.Foodcanalsohaveaspecificmeaning,andplayasignificantroleinafamilyorculture'scelebrationsortraditions.Thefoodsweeat—andwhenandhowweeatthem—areoftenuniquetoaparticularcultureormayevendifferbetweenrural(农村的)andurbanareaswithinonecountry.
Sharingbread,whetherduringaspecialoccasion(时刻)oratthefamilydinnertable,isacommonsymboloftogetherness.Manyculturesalsocelebratebirthdaysandmarriageswithcakesthatarecutandsharedamongtheguests.Earlyformsofcakeweresimplyakindofbread,sothistraditionhasitsrootsinthecustomofsharingbread.
FoodalsoplaysanimportantroleinmanyNewYearcelebrations.InthesouthernUnitedStates,piecesofcornbreadrepresentblocksofgoldforprosperity(兴旺)intheNewYear.InGreece,peopleshareaspecialcakecalledvasilopita.Acoinisputintothecake,whichsignifies(预示)successintheNewYearforthepersonwhoreceivesit.
Manycultureshaveceremoniestocelebratethebirthofachild,andfoodcanplayasignificantrole.InChina,whenababyisonemonthold,familiesnameandwelcometheirchildinacelebrationthatincludesgivingredcoloredeggstoguests.Inmanycultures,roundfoodssuchasgrapes,bread,andmooncakesareeatenatwelcomecelebrationstorepresentfamilyunity.
Nutritionisnecessaryforlife,soitisnotsurprisingthatfoodissuchanimportantpartofdifferentculturesaroundtheworld.
Theauthorexplainstheroleoffoodincelebrationsby________.
A.usingexamplesB.makingcomparisons
C.analyzingcausesD.describingprocesses
[答案] A 篇章结构题。
本文列举了不同文化背景下庆祝活动中的饮食文化。
故选A项。
【解题法】 写作方法(论证方法)类解题思路
(1)通读全文或某段,分析写作手法。
(2)确定写作方法展开方式:
①时间顺序;
②空间顺序;
③例证关系;
④对比或类比关系。
Passage1限时:
6分钟
体裁:
议论文 题材:
科学生活类 难度:
中词数:
320
Technologicalchangeiseverywhereandaffectseveryaspectoflife,mostlyforthebetter.However,socialchangesthatarebroughtabout
bynewtechnologyareoftenmistaken
forachangeinattitudes.
Anexampleathandistheinvolvementofparentsinthelivesoftheirchildrenwhoareattendingcollege.Surveys(调查)onthistopicsuggestthatparentstodaycontinuetobe“very”or“somewhat”overlyprotectiveevenaftertheirchildrenmoveintocollegedormitories
.Thesamesurveysalsoindicatethattherateofparentalinvolvementisgreatertodaythanitwasagenerationago.Thisisusuallyinterpretedasasignthattoday'sparentsaretryingtomanagetheirchildren'slivespastthepointwherethisbehaviorisappropriate.
However,greaterparentalinvolvementdoesnotnecessarilyindicate
thatparentsarefailingtoletgooftheir“adult”children.
Inthecontext(背景)ofthisdiscussion,itseemsvaluabletofirstfindoutthecauseofchangeinthecaseofparents'involvementwiththeirgrownchildren.Ifparentsofearliergenerationshadwantedtobeintouchwith
theircollegeagechildrenfrequently
,wouldthishavebeenpossible?
Probablynot.Ontheotherhand,doesthepossibilityoffrequentcommunicationtodaymeanthattheurgetodosowasn'tpresentagenerationago?
Manystudiesshowthatolderparents—today'sgrandparents—wouldhavecalledtheirchildrenmoreoftenifthemeansandcostofdoingsohadnotbeenabarrier.
Furthermore,studiesshowthatfinancesarethemostfrequentsubjectofcommunicationbetweenparentsandtheircollegechildren.Thefactthatcollegestudentsarefinanciallydependentontheirparentsisnothingnew;norarerequestsformoremoneytobesentfromhome.Thisphenomenon
isneithergoodnorbad;itisafactofcollegelife,todayandinthepast.
Thankstotheadvancedtechnology,weliveinanageofbetteredcommunication.Thishasmanyimplicationswellbeyondtherolethatparentsseemtoplayinthelivesoftheirchildrenwhohaveleftforcollege.Butitisusefultobearinmind
thatallsuchchangescomefromthetechnologyandnotsomeimagineddesirebyparentstokeeptheirchildrenundertheirwings.
科学的变化影响着生活的各个方面,但是科技带来的社会变化常被误认为是态度的变化。
作者对此举例进行了说明。
1.Thesurveysinformusof________.
A.thedevelopmentoftechnology
B.thechangesofadultchildren'sbehavior
C.theparents'overprotectionoftheircollegechildren
D.themeansandexpensesofstudents'communication
答案 C [细节理解题。
根据第二段第二句“Surveys(调查)onthistopicsuggestthatparentstodaycontinuetobe‘very’or‘somewhat’overlyprotectiveevenaftertheirchildrenmoveintocollegedormitories.”可知,这些调查告知了我们父母对他们上大学的孩子保护过度。
]
2.Thewriterbelievesthat________.
A.parentstodayaremoreprotectivethanthoseinthepast
B.thedisadvantagesofnewtechnologyoutweighitsadvantages
C.technologyexplainsgreaterparentalinvolvementwiththeirchildren
D.parents'changedattitudesleadtocollegechildren'sdelayedindependence
答案 C [推理判断题。
根据文章第一段第二句以及最后一段第二句可知,作者认为科技的发展使父母加强对他们上大学的孩子的管教。
]
3.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?
A.TechnologyorAttitude
B.DependenceorIndependence
C.FamilyInfluencesorSocialChanges
D.CollegeManagementorCommunicationAdvancement
答案 A [主旨大意题。
文章就“家长对孩子的管教问题与科技之间的关系”这一话题进行了讨论,“科技还是态度”作文章标题最佳。
]
★4.Whichofthefollowingshowsthedevelopmentofideasinthispassage?
I:
Introduction P:
Point
Sp:
Subpoint(次要点) C:
Conclusion
答案 B [篇章结构题。
整篇文章讨论的是家长对孩子的管教问题与科技之间的关系。
第一段提出论点;第二段用调查说明作者不认可的一个观点;第三段用“However”一词转折,说明第二、三段是不同的两个观点;第四、五两段用于支持第三段中提出的观点;最后一段作出了总结。
]
1.mistakenadj.错误的2.dormitoryn.宿舍
3.indicatev.表明;暗示4.frequentlyadv.频繁地
5.phenomenonn.现象
1.bringabout引起;造成
2.beintouchwith和……有联系
3.bearinmind记住
原文:
Thisisusuallyinterpretedasasignthattoday'sparentsaretryingtomanagetheirchildren'slivespastthepointwherethisbehaviorisappropriate.(where引导的定语从句,先行词point表示抽象地点)
译文:
这经常被解读为一种信号,当前的父母管理自己孩子的生活超出了行为恰当的地步。
仿写:
Thetreatmentwillcontinueuntilthepatientreachesthe__point_where_he_can_walkcorrectlyandsafely.
治疗将持续到病人能达到正确安全地行走的地步。
Passage2限时:
7分钟
体裁:
说明文 题材:
史地常识类 难度:
中词数:
291
Therearemanyplacestogoonsafari(观赏野生动物)inAfrica,butridingahorsethroughthefloodedwatersofBotswana'sOkavangoDeltamustrankas
oneoftheworld'smostexcitingwildlifejourneys.
Severalsafaricampsoperateasthebaseforthisadventure,providinguniqueridestwiceadaytoexploredeepintothedelta.Thecampshaveexcellenthorses,professional
guidesandlotsofsupportworkers.Theyhaveareputation
forprovidingagreatridingexperience.
Themorningride,whentheguidestakeyoutobeautiful,shallowlakesfullofwaterlilies,tendstobemoreactive.Itisunlikeanyotherridingexperience.Withrainbowsforminginthesplashingwateraroundyouandthesoundofhugedropsofwaterbouncingoffyourbodyandface,itistrulyexciting.
Youareverylikelytocomeacrosslargewildanimals,too.Onhorsebackitispossibletogetquiteclosetoelephants,giraffesandmanyotheranimals.Thesenseofexcitementandtensionlevelsrisesuddenlythough,asdoesyourheartrate,asyoumoveclosertothem.
In
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