跨文化交际考试重点总结.docx

跨文化交际考试重点总结.docx

《跨文化交际考试重点总结.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《跨文化交际考试重点总结.docx（83页珍藏版）》请在冰点文库上搜索。

跨文化交际考试重点总结

UNIT1

Objectives

 Thiscourseaimsatleadingstudentstoageneralunderstandingofthecomplexitiesofinterculturalcommunicationandprovidingthemwithaculturalperspectiveindealingwiththecommonproblemsininterculturalcommunication.Withthehelpofthethiscoursethelearnerswill:

 11.Cometoseehowcultureinfluencesourinteractionwith peopleofdifferentculturalgroups;

2.Increasetheircross-culturalawareness;

3.Learntopredictandsolvepossibleproblemsininterculturalcommunication;

4.OvercomeculturalbarriersinEFLlearningandteaching;

5.BetterunderstandandappreciatetheChinesepeople,ChineselanguageandChineseculture.

2课程的目的和主要任务

本课程主要介绍跨文化交际学的基本概念和基本理论，重点学习东西方文化在感知方面（包括价值观、世界观、和宗教观等）、言语方面（包括言语交际模式、交际风格、交际策略及思维方式）和非言语交际方面（包括体态语言等）异同。

宗旨是培养学生跨文化交际意识，了解和掌握跨文化交际基本理论和基本内容，提高跨文化交际能力。

3

5Chapter1  IntroductiontoIntercultural     Communication

Interculturalcommunicationasahumanactivity

Thehistoryofcommunicationbetweenpeopleofdifferentculturalbackgroundsisalmostaslongashumanhistoryitself.

6Themergenceandconflictsbetweentheprimitivenomadictribes,thevisitsofsailorstoalienlands,thebargainsofmerchantsalongthesilkroadsduringTangDynasty,theyareallexamplesofinterculturalcommunication,nottosaytheever-heatedinteractionofhighofficialsattheUnitedNationssincetheestablishoftheorganizationandtheever-growingwaveoftouristsintoallcornersoftheworld.Indeed,interculturalcommunicationasahumanactivityhasexistedforcenturies.

7Todaythedevelopmentofscienceand    technologyhasliterally shrunktheworldinto  a“globalvillage”,wherepeopleofdifferentcolorsandlanguagescangetintouchwitheachothereasily.    

82.Interculturalcommunicationasafieldofstudy

  Communicationcanbringpeopletogether,butculturemaykeepthemapart.Evenwithinoneandthesamecountry,understandingbetweendifferentracialandethicgroupsisnoeasyjob.Tosmoothcommunicationbetweenculturalgroupsandtosolveconflictsbetweenthem,anewfieldofstudy–thestudyofinterculturalcommunication–cameintobeing.

9OriginatedintheU.Sdiplomatsat theForeignInterculturalService.

Gainedacceptancethroughtrainingandtestingpracticeinthe1960’sand1970’s

Madegreatachievementinthetheoryandpracticeinthe1980’sbothinsideandoutsideofU.S.

10*FirstintroducedtoChinainthe1980sbysomeEnglishteachers;

*Chinahassuccessfulorganized5internationalconferencesoninterculturalcommunicationsince1995whenChinaAssociationofInterculturalCommunicationwassetup;

 *Aboomingofteachingmaterialsandcourseworkalongsidemorein-depthresearchintointerculturalcommunicationcanbeexpectedinthenearfuture.

113.Thesubjectsofstudy

Howcultureandcommunicationinfluenceoneanotherintheprocessofinterculturalcommunicationandhowwecanpredictandsolvetheproblems.

Humanbeingsdrawclosetooneanotherbytheircommonnature,buthabitsandcustomskeepsthemapart.（CONFUCLANSAYING）

Ourmostbasiccommonlinkisthatweallinhabitthisplanet.

134.ADefinitionofInterculturalCommunication

Inthemostgeneralsense,interculturalcommunicationoccurswhenamemberofonecultureproducesamessageforconsumptionbyamemberofanotherculture.Moreprecisely,interculturalcommunicationiscommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseperceptionsandsymbolsystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.（FromCommunicationbetweencultures LarryA.Samovar,RichardE.Porter&LisaA.Stefani）

14Amorecomprehensivedefinitionisofferedby LusticKoester

“Interculturalcommunicationisasymbolic,interpretive（理解性的）,transactional（转换式的），contextual（根据上下文的）processinwhichthedegreeofdifferencebetweenpeopleislargeandimportantenoughtocreatedissimilarinterpretationsandexpectationsaboutwhatareregardedascompetentbehaviorsthatshouldbeusedtocreatesharedmeaning”（Lustig&Koester1993）.

15Chapter2.Communication&Culture

Section1. Communication

1.EssentialofHumanCommunication

Communication---yourabilitytoshareyourbeliefs,values,ideas,andfeelings—isthebasisofallhumancontact.WhetheryouliveinacityofChina,avillageofIndia,ortheAmazonjunglesofBrazil,youparticipateinthesameactivitywhenyoucommunicate.Theresultsandthemethodsmightbedifferent,buttheprocessisthesame.

162.Communicationdefined

Over30yearsago,DanceandLarsoncanvassed（trytofindout.详细调查）theliteratureoncommunicationandfound126definitionsofcommunication;sincethen,countlessothershavebeenaddedtotheirlist.

Isolatingthecommonalitiesofthosedefinitionsofcommunication,weholdtothedefinitionadvancedbyRubenandStewart:

“Humancommunicationistheprocessthroughwhichindividuals---inrelationships,groups,organizations,andsocieties----respondtoandcreatemessagestoadapttotheenvironmentandoneanother.”

173.PrinciplesofCommunication

1）CommunicationIsaDynamicProcess

a.Communicationisongoing.

*Communicationisanongoingactivity.Itisnotfixed.Communicationislikeamotionpicture,notasinglesnapshot;

Asparticipatesincommunication,youtooexperienceitsdynamicnature.

18Nowonderthat250hundredyearsago,theGreekphilosopherHeraclituswrote,“Thereisnothingpermanentexceptchange.”

  b.Communicationistransitory（lastingonlyforashorttime）

 *Onceawordoranactionisemployed,itcannotberetracted.

 *AChineseproverbmakesmuchthesamepoint:

“Oncethearrowhasbeenshotitcannotberecalled.”（开弓没有回头箭）

19c.Inattentionbringschanges

Communicationisalsodynamicbecauseinattentionpervadesyourcommunicationbehavior;

Peopleoftenshifttopicsinthemiddleofsentence;

Researchshowsthatwhentheylisten,theirattentionspan（时间段）isbrief.

202）CommunicationIsSymbolic

Humansaresymbol-makingcreatures.Itisthissymbol-makingabilitythatallowsforeverydayinteractionItalsoenablesculturetobepassedonfromgenerationtogeneration.Weemploysymbolstoshareourinternalstates.

Otheranimalsmayparticipateinthecommunicationprocess,butnoneofthemhastheuniquecommunicationcapabilitiesofpeople;

21Althoughallculturesusesymbols,theyusuallyassigntheirownmeaningstothesymbols;

Evenwhenthewordisthesame,youcanobserveculturedifferencesinthemeaningoftheword;

Symbolsweusearediscretionary（notgovernedbyfixedrules随意的）andsubjective.AsGudykunstandKimremindus,“Theimportantthingtorememberisthatsymbolsaresymbolsonlybecauseagroupofpeopleagreetoconsiderthemassuch.

223）.CommunicationIsSystemic

Weusethesystemicheretodefinetheideathatcommunicationdoesnotoccurinisolationorinavacuum,butratherispartofalargersystem;

a.Setting

“Communicationalwaysoccursincontext,andthenatureofcommunicationdependsinlargemeasureonthiscontext;（LittleJohn）

Contextprovidesaprescriptionthatindicateswhatbehaviorispreferred;

23Dress,language,topicselection,andthelikearealladaptedtocontext.

    （Forexample,undermostcircumstances,maleswouldnoteveninhotweather,attendameetingwithoutashirt.）;

   Manyofthesecontextualrulesaredirectlyrelatedtoourculture.（Forexample,inthebusinesssetting,allcultureshavestatedandunstatedrulesregardingwhotakespartinthedecision-makingprocessduringmeetings.

24b.Location

Peopledonotactthesamewayineveryenvironment.Whetherinanauditorium,restaurant,oroffice,thelocationofyourinteractionprovidesguidelinesforyourbehavior.Eitherconsciouslyorunconsciously,youknowtheprevailingrules,manyofwhicharerootedinourculture.Nearlyallcultures,forexample,havereligiousbuildings,buttherulesofbehaviorinthosebuildingsareculturallybased.

25c.Occasion

Theoccasionofacommunicationencounteralsocontrolsthebehavioroftheparticipants.Eachofthese occasionscallsfordistinctlyformsofbehavior,andeachculturehasitsownspecificationsforthesebehaviors.Forexample,theoccasionofaweddingcallsfordifferentbehaviors.

26d.Time.

   Theinfluenceoftimeoncommunicationissubtleanditsimpactisoftenoverlooked.Justthinkaboutthisquestion:

Howdoyoufeelwhensomeonekeepsyouwaitingforalongtime?

Doyourespondtoaphonecallat2:

00A.M.thesamewayyoudotooneat2:

00P.M.Everycommunicationeventtakesplaceonatime-spacecontinuum时空的延续.Culturesaswellaspeopleusetimetocommunicate.Becausetimeinfluencecommunicationandtheuseofitisculture-bound,wewilldiscussthetopicingreatdealinChapter5thatdealswithnon-verbalcommunication.

27e.NumberofPeople

   Thenumberofpeoplewithwhomyoucommunicatealsoaffectstheflow（思路）ofcommunication.Weknowfrompersonalexperiencethatwefeelandactdifferentlyifwearespeakingwithoneperson,inagroup,orbeforeagreatmanypeople.Culturesalsorespond tochangesinnumber.Forexample,peopleinChinafeelextremelyuncomfortablewhentheyhavetogiveaformalpublicspeech.

284）.CommunicationInvolvesMakingInferences

Becausethereisnodirectmind-to-mindcontactbetweenpeople,wecannotaccessthethoughtsandfeelingsofotherpeoplebutcanonlyinferwhattheyareexperiencing.Wemaketheseinferencefromasingleword,fromlongspeeches,fromsimpleheadnods,etc.

29Althoughtheinabilitytohavedirectmind-to-mindcontactisuniversal,themethodsusedtoadjusttothislimitationareculturallybased.

Someculturesbelievethatbecausetheyshareacommonpoolofhistoryandmanysimilarexperiences,theydoindeedknowwhattheirpar