50个常见拉丁语词.docx
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50个常见拉丁语词.docx
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50个常见拉丁语词
Must-LearnTerms
Ifyoudon'tknowtheseLatinterms,gettolearningthemASAP,astheyarecommonlyusedinspeakingandwritingandmaybehardtoavoid.
1.Perse:
Thedirecttranslationofthistermis"byitself"anditmeansjustthatwhenusedinEnglishaswell.Youcoulduseittosaythatyoudon'tfindchemistryboringperse(byitself,intrinsically),butthisprofessor'svoiceputsyoutosleep.
2.Viceversa:
FromtheLatinmeaning"tochange"or"turnaround,"thistermmeanstoreversetheorderofsomething.ThisquotefromSamuelButlerprovidesanexample,"Inthemidstofviceweareinvirtue,andviceversa."
3.Almamater:
Ifyoudon'tknowthistermalready,you'llbecomequitefamiliarwithitonceyougraduatefromcollege.Theliteraltranslationis"dear/bountifulmother"butyou'llfinditusedineverydaylanguagetodenotethecollegeoruniversityfromwhichonehasgraduated.
4.Magnumopus:
Whetherit'sinwriting,painting,sculptureormusic,thisLatintermdenotesthegreatestworkdonebyanartist--atruemasterpiece.
5.Bonafide:
Whileit'sliteraltranslationmeans"goodfaith"thistermhasafewdifferentshadesofmeaninginmodernlanguage.Inlegalterms,itisusedtorepresentsomethingthatispresentedwithoutdeceptionorfraud,orliterallyingoodfaith,honest,sincereandlawful.Itismorecommonlyusedtomeansomethingthat'stherealdealortrulyauthentic.
6.Quasi:
InLatin,thiswordmeansasiforasthoughandinEnglishitisusedasbothanadjectiveinitsownrightandasapartofacompoundword.Itsimplydesignatessomethingthatresemblessomethingelsebutdoesn'tquitehaveallthesamefeatures.
7.Alterego:
Cicerocoinedthisterm,mostlikelytakenfromtheGreek,tomean"asecondself"or"anotherI"anditsmodernmeaninghasn'tchangedmuchtoday.Manypeoplehaveanalterego,oranother,perhapshiddenaspectofthemselves.OneexamplefrompopularcultureisBeyonce'salterego,SashaFierce.
8.Verbatim:
Ifyourepeatsomethingverbatimyourepeatitinexactlythesamewords,wordforwordwithnochangesandnoimprovisation.
9.Statusquo:
FromtheLatinmeaning"thestateinwhich"thistermisusedtodaytodesignatetheexistingstateorconditionofthings.Forexample,ifyou'remakingmoneyoffofahighpollutionindustryitistoyourintereststomaintainthestatusquowhenitcomestoenvironmentallaw.
Writing
Knowingjustwhatthesetermsandwordsmeancanbeabighelpinimprovingyourreadingcomprehension.
10.Sic:
Foundinwriting,thisLatinwordmostcommonlyfindsahomeinbrackets(likethis:
[sic])whenquotingastatementorwriting.Itindicatesthatthereisaspellingorgrammarerror(orjustsomethingoutoftheordinary)intheoriginalquotationandthatthepublicationhasonlyreproduceditfaithfully,notmadeanerroroftheirown.
11.Idest:
You'velikelyseenthisterminwritingbefore,evenifyouweren'tawareasitiscommonlyabbreviatedtoi.e.InLatin,itmeans"thatis"andisusedinEnglishwhenthespeakerorwriterwantstogiveanexampleorexplanationthatspecifiesastatement.
12.Deusexmachina:
Indirecttranslation,thistermmeans,"Godoutofamachine"anditharkensbackancientGreekandRomanplays.Whentheplotwouldbecometootangledorconfusing,thewriterswouldsimplybringinGod,loweredinviaapulleysystem(themachine)andhewouldwrapitallup.Today,it'sstillusedinliteraturetodescribeaplotwhereanartificialorimprobablemeansofresolvingaconflictisused.
13.Exempligratia:
You'lloftenseethistermabbreviatedtoe.g.inwriting.Itmeans"forthesakeofexample"andwhenitseeitinasentenceyoucanexpectthatiswillbefollowedbysomeexamples.
14.Etcetera:
Fewouttherearen'tfamiliarwiththistermbutmaynotknowitaswellwhenit'sspelledoutlikethisandnotabbreviatedasetc.Meaning"andtheothers"itisusedtodenotethatalistofthingscouldcontinueadinfinitum(seebelowfordefinition)andthatforthesakeofbrevityit'sbettertojustwrapthingsupwithasimpleetc.
15.Exlibris:
Backinthedayswhenbookswererarerandmoreexpensivecommoditiesthantheyweretoday,itwascommontomarkyourbookswithalabelbearingyourownnameandthisphrasewhichmeans"fromthelibraryof."Whilenotascommontoday,sometruebibliophilesstillusethelabels.
16.Ibidem:
Anotherabbreviatedterm,thiswordismorecommonlyseeninresearchwritingintheformof"ibid."FromtheLatinfor"inthesameplace"itisfoundinfootnotesandbibliographiestodesignatethatthesamesourcehasbeencitedtwiceinsuccession.
17.Etalii:
You'reunlikelytoencounterthisLatinphraseinitsunabbreviatedform,andwillmostlikelyonlyeverseeitasetalwhenincluded.Thisisalsoatermthatisfoundinfootnotesandbibliographieswhichallowswriterstorefertoalargenumberofauthorswithouthavingtowriteeachnameout(forexample,youcouldsaythatyoursourceisDr.HenryJonesetal.)
EverydayTalk
You'velikelyheardthesewordsandphrasesonthenewsorinconversations,andifyoudidn'tknowwhattheymeantthen,thesedefinitionswillhelpmakeitclearnow.
18.Adinfinitum:
YoumightbeabletoguesswhatthisphrasemeanssimplythroughitssimilaritytothewordweuseinEnglish.Itmeans"toinfinity"andcanbeusedtodescribesomethingthatgoeson,seeminglyoractuallyendlessly,assomestudentsmightfeelaboutcertainclasses.
19.Defacto:
InLatin,defactomeans"fromthefact"andinuseinEnglishitisoftenusedtodistinguishwasissupposedtobethecasefromwhatisactuallythereality.Forexample,legally,employersarenotallowedtodiscriminateinhiringbecauseofage,butmanystillpracticedefacto(inreality,infact)discrimination.
20.Intoto:
No,thisphrasedoesn'tmeanthatthecutelittledogfromTheWizardofOzatesomething,itmeansinallorentirely.Thinkofitassaying"intotal"inareallyweirdvoice.
21.Ipsofacto:
Meaning"bythefactitself"thiscommonlyusedandmisusedtermisdenoteswhensomethingistruebyitsverynature.Forexample,ifyoudon'tfeedyourdogyouareipsofactoabadowner.
22.Tabularasa:
Whenyouwereachild,yourmindmighthavebeenmoreofatabularasathanitistoday.ThisLatinphrasemeans"cleanslate"anddenotessomethingorsomeonenotaffectedbyexperiencesandimpressions.
23.Terrafirma:
Thosewhohatetoflyorgetseriouslyseasickwillbeabletoputthistermtogooduse.Itmeansfirmground,andyoumightbethankingyourluckystarstobebackonitafteratripthroughtheairorroughwaters.
24.Meaculpa:
Ifyouwanttoadmityourownguiltorwrongdoinginasituation,usethisLatinphrasethattranslatesliterallyto"myfault."It'sabitlikeafancier,lessoutdatedwayofsaying"mybad."
25.Personanongrata:
FromtheLatinmeaningan"unacceptableperson"thistermdesignatessomeonewho'snolongerwelcomeinasocialorbusinesssituation.
26.Insitu:
Ifsomethinghappensinsituithappensinplaceoronsite,thoughthetermoftendesignatessomethingthatexistsinanoriginalornaturalstate.Likeararespeciessightedinsituoraninvaluableartifactfoundonanarcheologicalsite.
27.Invitro:
Moststudentswillbefamiliarwiththistermbecauseofmodernfertilitytreatments,buthaveyoueverconsideredwhatthetermactuallymeans?
InLatin,invitromeans"inglass"andanybiologicalprocessthatoccursinthelaboratoryratherthaninthebodyoranaturalsettingcanbecalledinvitro.
28.Invivo:
Whileanexperimenttakingplaceinaglasstesttubemightnotcauseastir,manyareupinarmsaboutthiskindofexperimentation.Invivomeans"withintheliving"andthetwomostcommonexamplesofthiskindofexperimentationareanimaltestingandclinicaltrials.
29.Antebellum:
Duringyourhistorycourses,you'reboundtoencounterthisterm.Itmeansinthemostbasicsense"beforethewar"andwhileitcanbeappliedtoanywaritismostcommonlyusedtorefertotheAmericanCivilWarandtheAntebellumEratheprecededit.
ArgumentsandLogic
Representingargumentsasoldasphilosophyitselfandthetermsassociatedwiththem,thesetermsaregoodtoknowforawell-roundededucation.
30.Apriori:
Youmightcomeacrossthisterminclassesaboutlogicorreasoning.Itmeanstakingagenerallaworideaandapplyingittoaparticularinstancewithoutneedingexperimentationorobservation.Anexampleofanaprioristatementthatisusedis,"allbachelorsaresingle."Youdonotneedtoobservethistoseethatitistruebecause,bydefinition,bachelorsmustbesingle.
31.Aposteriori:
Aposterioriargumentsaredifferentthanaprioribecausetheyarebasedonactualobservationorexperimentation.Continuingonthepreviousexample,anaposterioriexampleofreasoningmightbethat"somebachelorsarehappy."Thiscanbebasedonreallifeobservationisn'tagivenbasedonwhatabacheloris.
32.Adnauseam:
ThisLatintermisusedtodescribeanargumentthathasbeentakingplacetothepointofnausea,oftenwiththesameargumentsbeingrehashedoverandoverforyearsuntileveryone,exceptaselectfew,aresimplysicktodeathofthewholething.
33.Ergo:
Simplyput,ergomeansthereforeandyoucanexchangeitwiththereforeorhenceinanysentenceandmaintainthesamemeaning.Forexample,youcouldsay,"Ithink,ergoIam"withoutchangingthemeaningoftheoriginal.
LegalLanguage
OneplacewhereLatinwordsareverycommonlyusedisinthecourtroom.LearnsomeofthesebasiclegalwordstohelpyoubetterunderstandLawandOrderandhowthelegalprocessworks.
34.Compismentis:
Meaning"incommandofone's
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