英国文学市.docx
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英国文学市.docx
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英国文学市
Chapter1EnglishLiteratureofAnglo-SaxonPeriod
I.Introduction
1.Thehistoricalbackground
A.BeforetheGermanicinvasion
B.DuringtheGermanicinvasion
a.immigration;
b.Christianity;
c.heptarchy.
d.socialclasses:
structure:
hide—hundred;eoldermen(lord)—thane—middleclass(freemen)—lowerclass(slaveorbondmen:
theow);
e.socialorganization:
clanortribes.
f.militaryOrganization;
g.Churchfunction:
spirit,civilservice,education;
h.economy:
coins,trade,slavery;
i.feastsandfestival:
Halloween,Easter;j.legalsystem.
2.TheOverviewoftheculture
A.ThemixtureofpaganandChristianspirit.
B.Literature:
a.poetry:
twotypes;b.prose:
twofigures.
II.Beowulf.
1.Ageneralintroduction.
2.Thecontent.
3.Theliteraryfeatures.
Chapter2EnglishLiteratureoftheLateMedievalAges
I.Introduction
1.TheHistoricalBackground.
1.Theyear1066:
NormanConquest.
2.Thesocialsituationssoonaftertheconquest.
A.Normannoblesandserfs;
B.restorationofthechurch.
3.The11thcentury.
A.thecrusadeandknights.
B.dominanceofFrenchandLatin;
4.The12thcentury.
A.thecentralizedgovernment;
B.kingsandthechurch(HenryIIandThomas);
5.The13thcentury.
A.ThelegendofRobinHood;
B.MagnaCarta(1215);
C.thebeginningoftheParliament
D.EnglishandLatin:
officiallanguages(theend)
6.The14thcentury.
A.theHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommons—conflictbetweentheParliamentandKings;
B.theriseoftowns.
C.thechangeofChurch.
D.theroleofwomen.
E.theHundredYears’War—starting.
F.thedevelopmentofthetrade:
London.
G.theBlackDeath.
H.thePeasants’Revolt—1381.
I.ThetranslationofBiblebyWycliff.
7.The15thcentury.
A.ThePeasantsRevolt(1453).
B.TheWarofRosesbetweenLancastersandYorks.
C.theprinting-press—WilliamCaxton.
D.thestartingofTudorMonarchy(1485).
2.TheOverviewofLiterature.
A.thestoriesfromtheCelticlandsofWalesandBrittany—greatmythsoftheMiddleAges.
B.GeoffryeofMonmouth—HistoriaRegumBritanniae—KingAuthur.
C.Wace—LeRomandeBrut.
D.Theromance.
E.thesecondhalfofthe14thcentury:
Langland,Gawinpoet,Chaucer.
II.SirGawinandGreenKnight.
1.ageneralintroduction.
2.theplot.
III.WilliamLangland.
1.Life
2.PiersthePlowman
IV.Chaucer
1.Life
2.LiteraryCareer:
threeperiod.
3.TheCanterburyTales
A.TheFramework;
B.TheGeneralPrologue;
C.TheTaleProper.
4.HisContribution.
V.PopularBallads.
VI.ThomasMaloryandEnglishProse
VII.ThebeginningofEnglishDrama.
1.MiraclePlays.
2.MoralityPlays.
3.Interlude.
Chapter3EnglishLiteratureintheRenaissance
I.AHistoricalBackground
II.TheOverviewoftheLiterature(1485-1660)
Printingpress—readership—growthofmiddleclass—trade-educationforlaypeople-centralizationofpower-intellectuallife-exploration-newimpetusanddirectionofliterature.
Humanism-studyoftheliteratureofclassicalantiquityandreformededucation.
Literarystyle-modeledontheancients.
Theeffectofhumanism-thedisseminationofthecultivated,clear,andsensibleattitudeofitsclassicallyeducatedadherents.
A.poetry
ThefirsttendencybySidneyandSpenser:
ornate,florid,highlyfiguredstyle.
ThesecondtendencybyDonne:
metaphysicalstyle—complexityandingenuity.
ThethirdtendencybyJohnson:
reaction--Classicallypureandrestrainedstyle.
ThefourthtendencybyMilton:
centralChristianandBiblicaltradition.
B.Drama
a.thenativetraditionandclassicalexamples.
b.thedramastandshighestinpopularestimation:
Marlowe–Shakespeare–Jonson.
C.Prose
a.translationofBible;
b.More;
c.Bacon.
II.Englishpoetry.
1.SirThomasWyattandHenryHoward(courtlymakers)
A.Wyatt:
introducingsonnets.
B.Howard:
introducingsonnetsandwritingthefirstblankverse.
2.Sidney—poet,critic,prosewriter
A.Life:
a.Englishgentleman;
b.brilliantandfascinatingpersonality;
c.courtier.
B.works
a.Arcadia:
pastoralromance;
b.AstrophelandStella(108):
sonnetsequencetoPenelopeDvereux—platonicdevotion.
Petrarchanconceitsandoriginalfeelings-movingtocreativeness—buildingofanarrativestory;theme-loveoriginality-actofwriting.
c.DefenseofPoesy:
anapologyforimaginativeliterature—beginningofliterarycriticism.
3.Spenser
A.life:
Cambridge-Sidney’sfriend-”Areopagus”-Ireland-WestminsterAbbey.
B.works
a.TheShepherdsCalendar:
thebuddingofEnglishpoetryinRenaissance.
b.AmorettiandEpithalamion:
sonnetsequence
c.FaerieQueene:
Thegeneralend--Aromanticandallegoricalepic—stepstovirtue.12booksand12virtues:
Holiness,temperance,justiceandcourtesy.Two-levelfunction:
partofthestoryandpartofallegory(symbolicmeaning).Manyallusionstoclassicalwriters.
Themes:
puritanism,nationalism,humanismandRenaissanceNeoclassicism—aChristianhumanist.
C.SpenserianStanza.
IV.EnglishProse
1.ThomasMore
A.Life:
“Renaissanceman”,scholar,statesman,theorist,prosewriter,diplomat,patronofarts
a.learnedGreekatCanterburyCollege,Oxford;
b.studieslawatLincolnInn;
c.LordChancellor;
d.beheaded.
B.Utopia:
thefirstEnglishsciencefiction.
WritteninLatin,twoparts,thesecond—placeofnowhere.
Aphilosophicalmariner(RaphaelHythloday)tellshisvoyagesinwhichhediscoversaland-Utopia.
a.Thepartoneisorganizedasdialoguewithmarinerdepictinghisphilosophy.
b.Theparttwoisadescriptionoftheislandkingdomwheregoldandsilverarewornbycriminal,religiousfreedomistotalandnooneownsanything.
c.thenatureofthebook:
attackingthechiefpoliticalandsocialevilsofhistime.
d.thebookandtheRepublic:
anattempttodescribetheRepublicinanewway,butitpossessesanmoderncharacterandtheresemblanceisinexternals.
e.itplayedakeyroleintheHumanistawakeningofthe16thcenturywhichmovedawayfromtheMedievalotherworldlinesstowardsRenaissancesecularism.
f.theUtopia
C.thesignificance.
a.itwasthefirstchampionofnationalideasandnationallanguages;itcreatedanationalprose,equallyadaptedtohandlingscientificandartisticmaterial.
b.aelegantLatinscholarandthefatherofEnglishprose:
hecomposedworksinEnglish,translatedfromLatinintoEnglishbiography,wroteHistoryofRichardIII.
2.FrancisBacon:
writer,philosopherandstatesman
A.life:
Cambridge-humanisminParis-knighted-LordChancellor-bribery-focusingonphilosophyandliterature.
B.philosophicalideas:
advancementofscience—people:
servantsandinterpretersofnature—method:
achildbeforenature—factsandobservations:
experimental.
C.“Essays”:
57.
a.hewasamasterofnumerousandvariedstyles.
b.hismethodistoweighandbalancematers,indicatingtheidealcourseofactionandthepracticalone,pointingouttheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofeach,butleavingthereadertomakethefinaldecisions.(arguments)
IV.EnglishDrama
1.Ageneralsurvey.
A.Everymanmarksthebeginningofmoderndrama.
B.twoinfluences.
a.theclassics:
classicalinformandEnglishincontent;
b.nativeorpopulardrama.
C.theUniversityWits.
2.ChristopherMarlowe:
greatestplaywrightbeforeShakespeareandmostgiftedoftheWits.
A.Life:
firstinterestedinclassicalpoetry—thenindrama.
B.Majorworks
a.Tamburlaine;
b.TheJewofMalta;
c.TheTragicalHistoryofDoctorFaustus.
C.Thesignificanceofhisplays.
V.Shakespeare
1.Life
A.1564,Stratford-on-Avon;
B.GrammarSchool;
C.QueenvisittoCastle;
D.marriagetoAnneHathaway;
E.London,theGlobeTheatre:
smallpartandproprietor;
F.the1stFolio,Quarto;
G.Retired,son—Hamnet;H.1616.
2.Dramaticcareer
3.Majorplays-men-centered.
A.RomeoandJuliet--tragicloveandfate
B.TheMerchantofVenice.
Goodoverevil.
Anti-Semitism.
C.HenryIV.
Nationalunity.
Falstaff.
D.JuliusCaesar
Republicanismvs.dictatorship.
E.Hamlet
Revenge;Good/evil.
F.Othello
Diaboliccharacter;jealousy;gapbetweenappearanceandreality.
G.KingLear
Filialingratitude
H.Macbeth
Ambitionvs.fate.
I.AntonyandCleopatra.
Passionvs.reason
J.TheTempest
Reconciliation;realityandillusion.
3.Non-dramaticpoetry
A.VenusandAdonis;TheRapeofLucrece.
B.Sonnets:
a.theme:
fair,true,kind.
b.twomajorparts:
ahandsomeyoungmanofnoblebirth;aladyindarkcomplexion.
c.theform:
threequatrainsandacouplet.
d.therhymescheme:
abab,cdcd,efef,gg.
VI.BenJonson
1.life:
poet,dramatist,aLatinandGreekscholar,the“literaryking”(SonsofBen).
2.contribution:
A.theideaof“humour”.
B.anadvocateofclassicaldramaandaforerunnerofclassicisminEnglishliterature.
3.Majorplays
A.EveryoneinHisHumour—”humour”;threeunities.
B.VolponetheFox
Chapter4EnglishLiteratureofthe17thCentury
I.AHistoricalBackground
II.TheOverviewoftheLiterature(1640-1688)
1.Therevolutionperiod
A.Themetaphysicalpoets;
B.TheCavalierpoets.
C.Milton:
theliteraryandphilosophicalheritageoftheRenaissancemergedwithProtestantpoliticalandmoralconviction
2.Therestorationperiod.
A.TherestorationofCharlesIIusheredinaliteraturecharacterizedbyreason,moderation,goodtaste,deftmanagement,andsimplicity.(schoolofBenJonson)
B.TheidealsofimpartialinvestigationandscientificexperimentationpromotedbythenewlyfoundedRoyalSocietyofLondonforImprovingNaturalKnowledge(1662)wereinfluentialinthedevelopmentofclearandsimpleproseasaninstrumentofrationalcommunication.
C.Thegreatphilosophicalandpoliticaltreatisesofthetimeemphasizerationalism.
D.Therestorationdrama.
E.TheAgeofDryden.
III.JohnMilton
1.Life:
educated
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