国际商法案例分析1英文.docx
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国际商法案例分析1英文.docx
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国际商法案例分析1英文
国际商法案例分析1(英文)
CASESININTERNATIONALCOMMERCIALLAW
1.OnJanuary1,Sel1ersentalettertoBuyerofferingtose11toBuyer5,000ornamentsfor
$25apiece.Theletteralsostated:
“ThisofferisbindingandirrevocableuntilFebruaryl.”On
January5,priortoBuyer’sreceiptoftheletter,SellercalledBuyeronthetelephoneandleftthefollowingmessageontheansweringmachineatBuyer’splaceofbusiness:
“Ignoremy
letterofJanuary1.Ihavedecidedtowithdrawtheoffercontainedinit.”OnJanuary7,after
listeningtoheransweringmachineandreadingtheletterthatarrivedthatsameday,BuyersentSellerthefollowingtelegram:
“IacceptyourofferofJanuary1.”
Q:
IsthereacontractunderCISG?
2.OnDecember1,SellersenttoBuyeranoffertosell5,000ornamentstoBuyerfor$25apiece.Theofferstated:
“TheofferwillremainopenuntilDecember31.”OnDecember10,
Buyeranswered:
“Thepriceistoohigh;Idon’tacceptyouroffer.”Then,OnDecember15,
Buyerchangedhismindandsentatelegramstating:
“IacceptyourDecember1offerafter
all.”Sellerreplied:
“Youracceptanceistoolate,sinceyoualreadyrejecttheoffer.”Inturn,
Buyeranswered:
“Theacceptanceisgood,sinceyoupromisedtokeepyourofferopenuntilDecember31.”
Q:
IsthereacontractundertheCISG?
3.BuyerreceivedaletterinhermailonJanuary1offeringtosellBuyer5,000ornaments$20apiece.Seller’sletterclosedwiththefollowingstatement:
“Iknowthatthisofferisso
attractivethatIwillassumethatyouacceptitunlessIhearotherwisebyJanuary31.”Buyer
didnotreply.SellershippedtheornamentsonFebruary1.
Q:
WhatareBuyer’sresponsibilitiesunderCISG?
4.SellerandBuyerenteredintoawrittencontractforthemanufacturebySellerofl0,000ornamentsofadesignspecifiedbyBuyerandsetoutinthecontract.Thecontractalsoprovided:
“Thiscontractmayonlybemodifiedinawritingsignedbybothparties.”Before
Sellerhadbegunworkontheornaments,BuyerandSelleragreedbytelephonetoachangeinthespecificationsfor2,500oftheornaments.Sellerthenproducedanddeliveredthe2,500ornamentsasspecified.Buyerrefusedtoacceptthembecausetheydidnotconformtothespecificationsintheoriginalcontract.
Q:
AssumingCISGapplies,whobreached?
5.BuyerandSellerenteredintoacontractgovernedbyCISGforSellertodelivera
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sophisticatedcomputertoBuyerbyJanuary1.Sellerwaslateindeliveringthemachine,soBuyerwiredSelleronJanuary2:
“Anxioustotakedeliveryofthecomputer.Hopethatit
arrivesbyFebruary1.”SellerdeliversthecomputeronFebruary5,butBuyerrefusestoacceptitanddeclaresthatthecontractisavoidedbecauseSellerfailedtohandoverthecomputerbeforetheFebruary1datespecifiedintheJanuary2telegram.BothBuyerandSelleragreethattherehasnotbeenafundamentalbreach.
Q:
IsBuyerabletoavoidthecontractunderthesecircumstances?
6.DealerintheUnitedStatesownedacargoof10,000barrelsofoilthathadbeenshippedfromMexicoonJanuary1forarrivalintheUnitedStatesonFebruary1.OnJanuary15,DealerinformedBuyerthattheoilwasonthetransitandtheyconcludedacontract.Onarrival,inspectionshowedthattheoilhadbeencontaminatedbyseawateratsomeindeterminatetimeduringthevoyage.
Q:
AssumingCISGapplies,whobearstherisk?
7.SelleragreedtodeliverthreesoftwareprogramstoBuyerthatarespeciallydesignedforBuyer’sbusiness.ThefirstwastobedeliveredinJanuarythesecondinFebruary,thethirdinMarch,TheprogramdeliveredinJanuaryworkedfine,buttheonedeliveredinFebruarywasdefective.Itnotonlyfailedtofunctionproperly,italsomadetheothertwoprogramseffectivelyworthless.Sellerwasunabletocorrectthedefect,andnosuitablereplacementcouldbefoundfromanothersupplier.
Q:
WhatCISGremediesareavailableforBuyer?
8.Stan,amanagerofanEnglishcomputercompany,returnshomefromworktodiscoverhishousesurroundedbepolice.Hiswifeisbeingheldhostageandthreatenedbyhercaptor.Stanpleadswiththepolicetorescueherandoffers$5000tothepolicemanwhobringsheruninjuredtosafety.Apoliceofficer,Peter,eventuallytalksthecaptorintoreleasingthewomanhostageandheleadsthewomantosafety.WhenPetergoestocollecthisbonus,Stansays,“ThankyouverymuchbutIhavenointentionofpaying.”
Q:
WouldPetersucceedinacourtactionagainstStan?
9.A(anAmericancompany)enteredintoacontractwithB(aJapanesecompany),whichwasundertheCISG.ThecontractprovidesthatAdelivers1000personalcomputerhousingsbyDecember1toBinTokyo,foratotalpriceof$50000.OnJuly1,AfaxedBthatduetoariseinpricestheycouldnotdeliverforlessthan$60000.BrepliedthatitwouldinsistthatA
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deliverattheoriginalprice.ThenArefusedtodeliverythegoodsunderthecontract.FromJuly1throughSeptember,Bcouldhaveboughtthehousingfromothersuppliersfor$55000forDecember1delivery.OnDecember1,Bcoveredandpurchasedthehousingfor$64000fordeliveryonFebruary1.BecauseofthedelayuntilFebruary1Bsufferedadditionaldamages$2000.
Q:
PleasediscussthebehaviorofA.WhatisthemeasureofB’sdamages?
WasBunderany
dutytomitigatedamages?
Whyorwhynot?
10.Selleragreedtoship10,000tonsofpotatoesFOBTacoma,Washington,toBuyerinJapan.BuyerdesignatedtheSSRussettotakedeliveryatpier7inTacoma.Ontheagreeddatefor
deliverySellerdeliveredthepotatoestopier7,buttheshipwasnotatthepier.Becauseanothershipusingthepierwasslowinloading,theRussethadtoanchoratamooringbuoyin
theharborandSellerhadtoarrangeforalightertotransportthepotatoesincontainerstotheship.ThelightertiedupalongsidetheRussetandacablefromtheship’sboomwasattached
tothefirstcontainer.Asthecontainerbegantocrosstheship’srailthecablesnapped.The
containerthenfellontherail,teeteredbackandforthforawhile,andfinallycrasheddownthesideoftheshipandcapsizedthelighter.Allofthepotatoesweredumpedintothesea.BuyernowsuesSellerforfailuretomakedelivery.
Q:
IsSellerliable?
SupposethecontracthadbeenFASTacoma.WouldSellerbeliable?
11.SellerinSydney,Australia,agreedtoshipgoodsonorbeforeDecember31underaCIFSydneycontracttoBuyerinHonolulu.ThesellerwasunabletoassemblethegoodsfordeliveryintimetoreachtheshipinSydneyandhadtotransshipthegoodsbyrailtoMelbourne,wheretheshipwastakingongoodsonJanuary3,SellerdidloadthegoodsaboardrailwaycarsinSydneyonDecember29andreceivedabillofladingfromtherail-wayCompanyonthatdate.Sellerlaterobtainedabillofladingfromtheship,andtogetherwithaninvoiceandamarineinsurancepolicy,tenderedbothbillsofladingtoBuyer.BuyerrefusedtoacceptthedocumentsortopaySeller.Sellersuestoenforcethecontract.Q:
WillSellerwin?
12.SellerinBombaysells5,000balesofcottontoBuyer,C&F(Incotermsl990)Liverpool.SellertransportsthecottontotheBombayharborandtotheshipdesignatedbyBuyer,theSSAllthumbs.Duetoanerrorincounting,thereareonly4,987balesloaded.Theship’sbillof
lading,however,showsaquantityof5,000bales.SellerthensignsoverthebillofladingtoBuyerinexchangeforpaymentinfullforthecotton.WhentheAllthumbsarrivesinLiverpool
3
thequantityerrorisdiscovered,andBuyersuestheshipforthelostvalueofthemissingbales.
Q:
Istheshipliable?
WoulditmatteriftheSelleradmittedthattheerrorwasnottheship’s
fault,butthatoftheSeller?
13.NewYorkMerchandisingCompany(NYMCO)importedfoodsproducedbyC-ARTinHongKong.ThegoodswereshippedontheHongKongIslandLines(carrier).ThepartiespriorcourseofdealinghandbeenforthecarriertoreleasethegoodstoNYMCOonitspresentationofa“bankguarantee”.Thesebankguaranteesreleasedthecarrierfromliability
foranymisdelivery.Onthisoccasion,however,thecarrierreleasedthegoodsuponNYMCO’scorporateguaranteeofpayment.Soonthereafter,NYMCOfiledforbankruptcy.C-ARTsuedthecarriertorecoverthemoneyowedforthegoods.ThecarrierarguedthatitwasnotliableformisdeliverybecauseNYMCOhasgoodtitletothegoodsfromthetimetheywereshippedinHongKong.
Q:
Doyouagreewiththisargument,Thecarrieralsoclaimsthatthebillsofladingarenot
validbecausetheimporterNYMCOwasinsolvent.Whatiswrongwiththeargument?
14.X(aChinesecompany)concluded,actingasanagentofZ(aChinesefactory),contractwithY(anAmericancompany)topurchasetenmachines.UponthearrivalofthemachinesinQingdao,thecarrierhandedoverthemachinestoZwhoshowedcertificatebyamunicipalorgan,failingtomakethedeliverytoXwhostillheldthebillofladingbut(therelevantbusinessman)wasawayinGuangzhouatameeting.XsuedZfordamages.
Q:
WhoshouldXsuefordamages?
HasthepropertyofthegoodspassedtoZ?
Wasthecarrierliableforthedamage?
WhatliabilitiesofX?
15.Ms.V,awealthyartcollectorinCountryW,isinterestedinbuyingararepaintingfromMr.YinCountryZ.Bothpartiesagreethatthepriceistobedeterminedbyanindependentappraiser.VinformsYthatshewillsendheragent,X,withabillofexchangetocollectthepainting.Vdrawsanat-sightbillpayabletoVbutleavestheamountblank.ShegivesthebilltoXandinstructshimtodeliverittoY.WithoutauthorityXfillsintheamountfor1mil-lionUSdollarsandpresentsittoY,whohas,inthemeantime,receivedtheappraisal.Theappraised
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