英语故事Alexander Hamilton.docx
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英语故事Alexander Hamilton.docx
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英语故事AlexanderHamilton
英语故事
AlexanderHamilton
亚历山大•汉密尔顿是美国的开国元勋之一,宪法的起草人之一,财经专家,是美国的第一任财政部长。
因政党恶斗而丧失生命的知名政治人物。
AlexanderHamilton
AlexanderHamilton(January11,1755or1757–July12,1804)wasthefirstUnitedStatessecretaryofthetreasury,afoundingfather,economist,andpoliticalphilosopher.Aide-de-camptoGeneralGeorgeWashingtonduringtheAmericanrevolutionarywar,hewasaleaderofnationalistforcescallingforanewconstitution;hewasoneofAmerica’sfirstconstitutionallawyers,andwrotemostofthefederalistpapers,aprimarysourceforconstitutionalinterpretation.HewasthefinancialexpertofWashington’sadministration;theFederalistPartyformedtosupporthispolicies.BornandraisedintheCaribbean,Hamiltonattendedking’scollege(nowColumbiaUniversity)inNewYork.AtthestartoftheAmericanrevolutionarywar,heorganizedanartillerycompanyandwaschosenasitscaptain.Hamiltonbecamethesenioraide-de-campandconfidanttoGeneralGeorgeWashington,theAmericancommander-in-chief.Afterthewar,HamiltonwaselectedtothecontinentalcongressfromNewYork,butheresignedtopracticelawandfoundthebankofNewYork.HeservedintheNewYorklegislature,andhewastheonlyNewYorkerwhosignedtheU.S.constitution.Hewroteabouthalfthefederalistpapers,whichsecureditsratificationbyNewYork;theyarestillthemostimportantunofficialinterpretationoftheconstitution.InthenewgovernmentunderPresidentWashingtonhebecamesecretaryofthetreasury.AnadmirerofBritishpoliticalsystems,Hamiltonwasanationalistwhoemphasizedstrongcentralgovernmentandsuccessfullyarguedthattheimpliedpowersoftheconstitutioncouldbeusedtofundthenationaldebt,assumestatedebts,andcreatethegovernment-ownedbankoftheUnitedStates.Theseprogramswerefundedprimarilybyanariffonimportsandahighlycontroversialwhiskeytax.
By1792,thecoalitionledbyHamiltonwasopposedbyacoalitionledbyThomasJeffersonandJamesMadison.Hamilton’sFederalistPartynowhadtocompetewithJefferson’sDemocratic-RepublicanParty.ThepartiesfoughtoverHamilton’sfiscalgoalsandnationalbank,aswellashisforeignpolicyofextensivetradeandfriendlyrelationswithBritain,especiallythejaytreatywhichwasratified,byasinglevote,afteralengthystrugglebetweenthetwocoalitions.Embarrassedbyablackmailaffairthatbecamepublic;Hamiltonresignedasthesecretaryofthetreasuryin1795andreturnedtothepracticeoflawinNewYork.In1798,thequasi-warwithFranceledHamiltontobeawardedtherankofseniorofficeroftheUnitedStatesarmyandtoarguefor,andattempttoraiseandorganize,anarmytofighttheFrench(byinvadingthecoloniesofSpain,thenaFrenchally).
Hamilton’soppositiontohisfellowfederalistJohnAdamshurtthepartyinthe1800elections.WhenThomasJeffersonandAaronburrtiedintheElectoralCollege,HamiltonhelpeddefeathisbitterpersonalenemyburrandelectJeffersonaspresident.Withhisparty’sdefeat,Hamilton’snationalistandindustrializationideaslosttheirformernationalprominence.Hamilton’sintenserivalrywithburrresultedinaduel,inwhichHamiltonwasmortallywounded.HamiltonwasalwaysdenouncedbytheJeffersonianandlatertheJacksonians,buthiseconomicideas,especiallysupportforaprotectivetariffandanationalbank,werepromotedbytheWhigpartyandafterthe1850sbythenewlycreatedRepublicanParty,whichhailedhimasthenation’sgreatestsecretaryofthetreasury.
Earlymilitarycareer
In1775,afterthefirstengagementofAmericantroopswiththeBritishinBoston,HamiltonjoinedaNewYorkvolunteermilitiacompanycalledtheheartsofoak,whichincludedotherking’scollegestudents.Hedrilledwiththecompanybeforeclasses,inthegraveyardofnearbySt.Paul’schapel.Hamiltonstudiedmilitaryhistoryandtacticsonhisownandachievedtherankoflieutenant.UnderfirefromHMSAsia,heledasuccessfulraidforBritishcannoninthebattery,thecaptureofwhichresultedintheheartsofoakbecominganartillerycompanythereafter.ThroughhisconnectionswithinfluentialNewYorkpatriotslikeAlexanderMcDougallandJohnjay,heraisedtheNewYorkprovincialcompanyofartilleryofsixtymenin1776,andwaselectedcaptain.Ittookpartinthecampaignof1776aroundNewYorkCity,particularlyatthebattleofWhitePlains;atthebattleofTrenton,itwasstationedatthehighpointoftown,themeetingofthepresentwarrenandbroadstreets,tokeepthehessianspinnedintheTrentonbarracks.
Washington’sstaff
HamiltonwasinvitedtobecomeanaidetoNathanaelGreeneandtoHenryKnox;however,hedeclinedtheseinvitationsinthehopesofobtainingaplaceonWashington’sstaff.HamiltondidreceivesuchaninvitationandjoinedasWashington’saideonMarch1,1777withtherankoflieutenantcolonel.Hamiltonservedforfouryears,ineffect,asWashington’schiefofstaff;hehandledletterstocongress,stategovernors,andthemostpowerfulgeneralsinthecontinentalarmy;hedraftedmanyofWashington’sordersandlettersatthelatter’sdirection;heeventuallyissuedordersfromWashingtonoverHamilton’sownsignature.Hamiltonwasinvolvedinawidevarietyofhigh-levelduties,includingintelligence,diplomacy,andnegotiationwithseniorarmyofficersasWashington’semissary.TheimportantdutieswithwhichhewasentrustedattesttoWashington’sdeepconfidenceinhisabilitiesandcharacter,thenandafterward.Atthepointsintheirrelationshipwheretherewaslittlepersonalattachment,therewasstillalwaysareciprocalconfidenceandrespect.Duringthewar,Hamiltonbecameclosefriendswithseveralfellowofficers.hisletterstothemarquisdeLafayetteandtoJohnLaurens,employingthesentimentalliteraryconventionsofthelateeighteenthcenturyandalludingtoGreekhistoryandmythology,havebeenreadasrevealingahomologicalorperhapshomosexualrelationship,butfewhistoriansagree.
Constitutionandfederalistpapers
In1787,HamiltonservedasassemblymanfromNewYorkCountyintheNewYorkstatelegislatureandwasthefirstdelegatechosentotheconstitutionalconvention.InspiteofthefactthatHamiltonhadbeenaleaderincallingforanewconstitutionalconvention,hisdirectinfluenceattheconventionitselfwasquitelimited.GovernorGeorgeClinton’sfactionintheNewYorklegislaturehadchosenNewYork’sothertwodelegates,JohnLansingandRobertYates,andbothofthemopposedHamilton’sgoalofastrongnationalgovernment.thus,whiletheothertwomembersoftheNewYorkdelegationwerepresent,theydecidedNewYork’svote;andwhentheylefttheconventioninprotest,Hamiltonremainedwithnovote(tworepresentativeswererequiredforanystatetocastavote).Earlyintheconventionhemadeaspeechproposingapresident-for-life;ithadnoeffectuponthedeliberationsoftheconvention.Heproposedtohaveanelectedpresidentandelectedsenatorswhowouldserveforlifecontingentupon“goodbehavior”,andsubjecttoremovalforcorruptionorabuse;thisideacontributedlatertothehostileviewofHamiltonasamonarchistsympathizer,heldbyJamesMadison.Duringtheconvention,Hamiltonconstructedadraftfortheconstitutiononthebasisoftheconventiondebates,butheneverpresentedit.thisdrafthadmostofthefeaturesoftheactualconstitution,includingsuchdetailsasthethree-fifthsclause.inthisdraft,thesenatewastobeelectedinproportiontothepopulation,beingtwo-fifthsthesizeofthehouse,andthepresidentandsenatorsweretobeelectedthroughcomplexmultistageelections,inwhichchosenelectorswouldelectsmallerbodiesofelectors;theywouldholdofficeforlife,butwereremovableformisconduct.Thepresidentwouldhaveanabsoluteveto.TheSupremeCourtwastohaveimmediatejurisdictionoveralllawsuitsinvolvingtheUnitedStates,andstategovernorsweretobeappointedbythefederalgovernment.Attheendoftheconvention,Hamiltonwasstillnotcontentwiththefinalformoftheconstitution,butsigneditanywayasavastimprovementoverthearticlesofconfederation,andurgedhisfellowdelegatestodosoalso.SincetheothertwomembersoftheNewYorkdelegation,LansingandYates,hadalreadywithdrawn,HamiltonwastheonlyNewYorksignertotheUnitedStatesconstitution.Hethentookahighlyactivepartinthesuccessfulcampaignforthedocument’sratificationinNewYorkin1788,whichwasacrucialstepinitsnationalratification.HamiltonrecruitedJohnjayandJamesMadisontowriteadefenseoftheproposedconstitution,nowknownasthefederalistpapers,andmadethelargestcontributiontothateffort,writing51of85essayspublished(Madisonwrote29,jayonlyfive).Hamilton’sessaysandargumentswereinfluentialinNewYorkstate,andelsewhere,duringthedebatesoverratification.thefederalistpapersaremoreoftencitedthananyotherprimarysourcebyjurists,lawyers,historians,andpoliticalscientistsasthemajorcontemporaryinterpretationoftheconstitution.
In1788,Hamiltonservedyetanotherterminwhatprovedtobethelasttimethecontinentalcongressmetunderthearticlesofconfederation.WhenPhillipSchuler’stermendedin1791,theybeganbyelecting,inhisplace,theattorney-generalofNewYork,oneAaronburr.Hamiltonblamedburrforthisresult,andillcharacterizationsofburrappearinhiscorrespondencethereafter,althoughtheydidworktogetherfromtimetotimeonvariousprojects,includingHamilton’sarmyof1798andtheManhattanwatercompany.
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