对外汉语了的位置及用法.docx
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对外汉语了的位置及用法.docx
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对外汉语了的位置及用法
了forcompletedactions
Otherterminology:
aspectualparticle"了"
1.WhenshouldIuseit
Whenyouwanttoexpressthatanactioniscompleted.Normally了shouldbeplacedaftermainverbsorattheendofsentences.
tā
他
HE
mile
买了
BUYLE
sānzhāngpiào
三张票
THREEZHANGTICKETS
Hehasbought3tickets.
tā
她
SHE
bjináláile
把酒拿来了
BAWINETAKE(TOWARDS)LE
Shehasbroughtthewine.
2.WhenshouldIplacethe了attheendofasentence,andwhenshouldIplaceitafterthemainverbofasentence
1.Iftheobjectofasentenceisasimpleone.anoun,whichisnotattachedtoanumber
andmeasureword,andnotattachedtoadescriptiveclause(的clause),了canbeplacedattheendofthesentence.Inthiscasetheparticle了hasmanyfunctions:
itmayindicatethecompletedaction,orachangeofsituation,itmayalsoindicateanimminentaction.
s.v.o.le
wmenchīfànle
我们吃饭了.
WEEATMEALLE
Wehaveeaten..[Completedaction]
Nowweareeating.(Wedidn'teatbefore.)[Changeofsituation]
Weareabouttoeat.(我们要吃饭了.)
3.IsitincorrectifIplace了aftertheverbinasimple-objectsentence
No,itisnotincorrect,butitseemsasifthesentenceisnotyetfinished.Itmaylooklikethefirstclauseoftheverb了...就...construction.Forexample(Alsoseepattern5.),
tāchīlefàn...(jiùqùkàndiànyng)
他吃了饭...(就去看电影.)
HEEATLEMEAL...(JIUGOSEEFILM)
Afterhefinishesthemeal...(he'llgotoseeafilm.)
4.CanIplace了attheendofasentencethathasacomplexobject
No.Iftheobjectofasentenceisacomplicatedone,.itisprecededbyanumberwordandmeasureword,oradescriptiveclause,了isplacedafterthemainverbofthesentence.
s.v.lenum.mw.o.
tāchīlelingwnfàn
他吃了两碗饭.
HEEATLETWOBOWLSRICE
Hehaseatentwobowlsofrice.
5.WhereshouldIplace了ifasentencehasatimemeasure
Ifanactionisattachedtoatimemeasure.,duration,lengthoftime)oranactionmeasure.,manytimes),了isplacedafterthemainverb.Thefollowingthreealternativepatternssharethesamefeature,thatis,theyhave了afterthemainverbs.
s.v.letm.(am.)deo.(le)
tā
他
HE
xuélelingniándezhōngwén(le)
学了两年的中文(了)
STUDYLETWOYEARDECHINESE(LE)
HestudiedChinesefor2years.
s.v.o.v.letm.(am.)(le)
tāxuézhōngwén
他学中文
xuélelingnin(le)
学了两年(了)
o.s.v.letm.(am.)(le)
zhōngwéntā
中文他
nàgediànyngw
那个电影我
xuélelingnin(le)
学了两年(了)
kànlelingbiàn(le)
看了两遍(了)
Ihavewatchedthatfilmtwice.
nàshìwniánqiándeshìlewmenshìduōniándelopéngyoule
那是五年前的事了.我们是多年的老朋友了.
THATISFIVEYEARAGODEMATTERLEWEAREMANYYEARSDEOLDFRIENDLE
Thatincidenthappened5yearsagoWehavebeenoldfriendformanyyears.
6.Isatimemeasureplacedafter了inanegativesentence
No,negativesentencesofthiskindarenormallyinadifferentwordorder.Thetime-measureshouldbeplacedbeforethenegation没.Forinstance,ifyouwanttosay:
"Ihaven'teatenChinesefoodforages."Itshouldbeinthefollowingwordorder:
s.tm.neg.v.o.le
w
我
I
hoji
好久
LONGTIME
méi没
NOT
chīzhōngguócàile
吃中国菜了
EATCHINESEFOODLE
Ihaven’teatenChinesefoodforalongtime.
7.DoIhavetoputthetime-measuresbefore没inallnegativesentences
No.Ifyouwanttodenyanaffirmativestatementwhichhasatime-measure,thenthetime-measureshouldbeplacedafterthemainverb.
s.neg.v.tm.o.
wméixuésānniánzhōngwén,wzhxuélelingnián
我没学三年中文,我只学了两年.
INOTLEARN3YEARCHINESE,IONLYLEARNLE2YEAR)
Ididn'tlearnChinesefor3years,Ionlydidfor2years.
8.DoIhavetoput了aftereveryverbinasentence,ifthesentencehasasequenceofactions
Ifasequenceofactionsinthesentencearecompleted,了isusuallyplacedafterthelastverbofthesentence.
s.le(tm.)
tā
他
HE
qùzhōngguó去中国
GOCHINA
xuélesìniánjīngjù
学了四年京剧
STUDYLEFOURYEARPEKINGOPERA
HewenttoChinatostudyPekingoperafor4years.
tā
他
HE
qùzhōngguó去中国
GOCHINA
milecíqì
买了瓷器
BUYLECHINA
HewenttoChinaandboughtsomeChina.
Ifyouleave了attheendofsentences,itnormallyindicatesachangeofthesituation.Let'scomparethefollowingtwosentences:
1.(Completedaction)tāqùzhōngguóxuélezhōngwén
他去中国学了中文.
HEGOCHINASTUDYLECHINESE
HewenttoChinaandstudiedChinese.
2.(Changeofsituation)tāqùzhōngguóxuézhōngwénle
他去中国学中文了.
HEGOCHINASTUDYCHINESELE
HehasgonetoChinatostudyChinese.(He'snothere)
9.DoIalwayshavetoplace了afterthelastverbofasentencewhendescribingasequenceofactions
No.Thereisanothersentencepattern,whichindicatessequenceofactions,butthefirstsequenceinthesentenceisconditional.Inthissentencepattern了isplacedafterthefirstverbwhichisintheconditionalclause,andtheadverb就isplacedbeforethesecondverbofthesentence.Thiskindofconstructionhasasenseofurgency,whichmeansthattheactioninthe就clausetakesplaceimmediatelyafterthecompletionofthefirstaction.
s.lejiu
tādàolezhōngguójiùzhopéngyou.
他到了中国就找朋友.
HEARRIVELECHINAJIULOOKFORFRIEND
He'lllookforfriendimmediatelyafterhearrivesinChina.
Asyoucansee,thatsentencedescribestheactioninfuture,butifyouplaceanother了attheendofthesentence,thenitmeansthatbothactionshavetakenplace.
10.DoIalwayshavetouse了toindicateacompletedaction
No,notalways.Firstofall,theparticle了forcompletedactionisnotusedinnegativesentences.Instead没shouldbeplacedbeforethemainverbofthesentence.
s.meiv.o.
tāméichīfàn.
他没吃饭.
HENOTEATMEAL
Hedidn'teatthemeal.
11.Apartfromthenegation,arethereanycircumstancesinwhich了isnotused
Inthefollowingsituationstheparticle了forcompletedactionsisnotused.
1.了isnotusedforprolongedandregularactionsinthepast.Inotherwords,ifthesentencecontainswordssuchas每天,年年,常常...theparticle了forthecompletedactionisnotused.
wyqiánzàizhōngguójiāoshū
我以前在中国教书.
IINTHEPASTINCHINATEACH
ItaughtinChinainthepast.
qùniánwchángchánggēnwnǚpéngyouqùkàndiànyng
去年我常常跟我女朋友去看电影.
LASTYEARIOFTENWITHMYGIRLFRIENDGOSEEFILMS
LastyearIoftenwenttoseefilmswithmygirlfriend.
2.了isnotusedinsentenceswhichhavemodalverbssuchas应该,得(dei),可以,能,会,要,想,orforverbswhichindicatefeelingssuchas爱,喜欢,觉得,知道,愿意,肯.
zuótiānnyīnggāiqùkàntā
昨天你应该去看他.
YESTERDAYYOUSHOULDGOSEEHIM
Youshould'vegonetoseehimyesterday.
shíniányqiántāhnxihuānchīfguócài
十年以前她很喜欢吃法国菜.
TENYEARAGOSHEVERYLIKEEATFRENCHFOOD
TenyearsagoshelikedeatingFrenchfoodverymuch.
3.了isnotusedwhen是,在,有*arethemainverbsofsentences.
shàngxīnqītāzàibijīng
上星期他在北京.
LASTWEEKHEWAS(IN)BEIJING
HewasinBeijinglastweek.
yqiántāyuhnduōqián
以前他有很多钱.
BEFOREHEHADVERYMUCHMONEY
Inthepasthehadalotofmoney.
If有(toposses)isusedasthemainverbofasentence,了(forcompletedaction)isnotused.However,了canbeusediftheobjectofasentenceisanabstractonewhichhasanimplicationofaction,suchas“development”,“improvement”他的学习有了很大的进步.Hehasimprovedgreatlyinhisstudies.
4.了isnotusedfordirectandindirectspeeches.
dir.speechzuótiāntāwènw:
"nyàoqùzhōngguóma"
昨天他问我:
"你要去中国吗"
YESTERDAYHEASKME:
"YOUWANTGOCHINAMA"
Yesterdayheaskedme:
"WouldyouliketogotoChina"
indir.speechzuótiāntāwènw:
yàoqùzhōngguóma
昨天他问我要去中国吗.
YESTERDAYHEASKMEWANTGOCHINAMA
YesterdayheaskedmeifIwouldliketogotoChina.
Asyoucansee,inthesituationswhenthecompletedaction了isnotused,time-wordsareusedtoindicatetheactionshappenedinthepast.
12.IsittruethatifIuseatime-wordIdon'thavetouse了
No.Time-wordsareneededwhenthecompletedaction了cannotbeused.Buttime-wordshavenoeffecton了whenthecompletedaction了isapplicable.
zuótiānwqùmilelingbnshū
昨天我去买了两本书.
TESTERDAYIGOBUYLETWOBENBOOK
YesterdayIwentoutandboughttwobooks.
Youcan'tsay:
zuótiānwqùmilingbnshū
昨天我去买两本书.
Theabovesentencesoundsuncompleted.Thelistenerwouldexpectmoreandwouldask,"andthenwhat"
13.Arethereanyconstructionsthatcannottakeanaspectualparticle了
Thecompletedaction了isnotapplicabletothefollowingconstructions.
1.TheV+得construction(thecomplementofdegree)
zuótiāntāfànzuòdehnbúcuò
昨天他饭作得很不错
YESTERDAYHEMEALCOOKDEVERYNOTBAD
Yesterdayhecookedmealverywell.
2.Description+的(Theverbsinthedescriptiveclausedon'ttake了,astheyarenotthemainverbsofsentences.)
zuótiānwmidenàbnshūhnyuyìsi
昨天我买的那本书很有意思.
YESTERDAYIBUYDETHATBENBOOKVERYINTERESTING
ThebookwhichIboughtyesterdayisveryinteresting.
14.DoIalwayshavetoconsidertheuseof了whenIseeapasttenseinanEnglishsentence
No,notalways.Remember:
the了inthissectionisforcompletedactions,whichisdifferentfromthepasttense.HereisanotherexampleofapasttenseEnglishsentencewhichdoesnotusethecompletedaction了:
qùniánwfēichángmáng.
去年我非常忙.
LASTYEARIVERYBUSY
LastyearIwasverybusy.
Thewordbusyactsasastativeverbwhichdoesnottaketheparticle了ofcompletedaction.
Exercises
A.Place"了"intherightinthefollowingsentences,andgiveyourreasonsif了isnotneeded.
1.昨天我去____大使馆办____签证____.
2.我已经请____小王看____两次电影,可是他还是那么不客气____.真气人____!
3.上星期我去____北京看____朋友____.
4.去年我常常在____路口的那家书店看____书.从来没有人管____我____.
5.前天晚上我在____你那儿吃____饭的时候,我听见____她拉____小提琴拉____得真好听____.
6.十年前我在____中国住____.
7.我研究____计算机研究____四年____.
8.那本书我已经看____三次____.
B.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.
1.YesterdayXiaoWangaskedmetoborrowaChinesenewspaperfromthelibraryforhim.
2.ForthreemonthsMr.Lihasbeenteachingm
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