四级写作炼词炼句笔记.docx
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四级写作炼词炼句笔记.docx
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四级写作炼词炼句笔记
1Introduction
四级考试议论文
2generalwritingimprovementstrategies
Basicimprovementstrategies锻炼语言
2.1Vocabularybuilding炼词
2.2Sentencebuilding炼句
2.3Paragraphbuilding炼段
2.1炼词
Requirement:
•varietyanddiversity多样性
•appropriatewordchoice合适合理
•idiomaticexpression习惯表达
Vocabularybuildingmethods:
•同义词及区别
•上义词
•意译词
•习惯修辞及横线构词
2.1.1同义词
重要、导致、促进、大的、剧烈地、迷恋
Significant,Crucial,Vital,essential,crucial
Cause/leadto/giveriseto/Contributeto…
Giant/titanic/immense/tremendous/enormous
greatly/amazingly/unbelievably/详见下
迷恋:
Iaminfavorof/BeAddictedin…../crazyover
Exertpeculiarfascinationon/strikeone’sfancy/
程度副词,用来修饰以上变化动词:
剧烈类:
greatly/enormously/sharply/steeply/suddenly/alarmingly/amazingly/
massively/rapidly/dramatically/
considerably/significantly/incredibly/Substantially…..
缓慢类:
gradually/gently/steadily/slightly/slowly/marginally/inamoderateway/bythe
leastamount/moderately
选择中名词优先原则:
坐落nest
蜿蜒snake
盘亘dragonover
好奇cranefor
提升ladderup
自恋narcissus
女神Mussapollo
悲剧OedipusSisyphus
名著中典型例子
有钱男人需要找老婆
Amaninagreatfortunemustbeinwantofawife.
人们对此议论纷呈
Ideasonthisissuekeepatconstantvariance.
反思:
如何用名词表达重要、导致、促进、大的、剧烈地、迷恋
2.1.2上义词
Restrict/limit--control
Regulation/law—decision
Country?
?
Animalexperiment
Books/TV/ad.
Computer
Teacher
2.1.3意译词
常见意译错误
Pleasegivemeareplyifyouareconvenient.
MyMP3cannotlisteneventhoughithasmuchelectricity.
Peoplenowhaveconditiontoeatgoodthings.
Iwanttolearnmoreaboutthegardenknowledge.
生活中的意译错误
•送朋友回家
•对不起,没座了noseatavailable
•Sorry,noseatsavailable
•网站暂时无法访问
•WebsiteTemporarilyUnavailable.
•英语水平
•Englishskills
•谢谢你的好意,不过我可以走回去
•Thanksforyouroffer,butIcanwalkhome
•伸出了援助之手
•offeringhelpinghands
•他给了一件工作给我。
offer
•这种产品效果绝对不一样
•Itwillmakeagreatdifference.
•对于我来说,吃什么都一样。
•Itmakesnodifferencetohavethisorthat
•你这样做是什么意思
•What’syourpoint
•做…没什么意思?
•Pointlesstodo….
•Makesnosensetodo
•我邮箱打不开了
•Icannotaccessmymailboxtoday
•在城里孩子们有渠道去看各种演出
关于动物意译
天涯何处无芳草
fish
好兔不吃窝边草
Donotfishinyourneighbor’spool
老鼠爱大米
cheese
力壮如牛…..
2.1.4习惯修辞
比喻
•Dabble浅涉水v---涉猎
•明眸善睐
•社会像是?
•Adyeingpot/saladpot
•阿甘正传beanscarrots
•Narcissus
拟人
•Facelift拉皮n.
Therestauranthas,withitsnewbosshailingfromNewYork,hadanewfaceliftrecently.
•Feedupthemachine/vendor
•门开不了
•灯怒气冲冲地闪烁着
•Sparkswereemittedfromsmallblackboxesandredlampsflashedonandoffangrily.
•一股怪味袭来,使他相信了我说的是真话
•HewasgreetedbyanunpleasantsmellwhichconvincedhimthatIwastellingthetruth.
借代
•IntheleastdevelopedcountriesinAfrica,allfurandfeatherarehuntedforfood.
•Creature/species
•Ourhotelisshortofhands
•Wallhasears.
•Greatmindsthinkalike.
•Chinaissufferingbrainloss/drain.
•Highbrow/lowbrow
•high/lowpitch/key----
夸张
•Shehastheheartinhermouth.
•Shewenthomeinafloodoftears.
(Laughter…..)
2.1.5补充知识点:
横线构词规则同学们自己参考
1)adv/adj-ving/ved:
adj.
Hard-working/good-looking
Bad-smelling/carefully-planned
Physical-detrimental/harmful
Financial-independent/environmental-friendly
bitter-sweet/yesly-no
2)n—ving/ved:
adj.
exam-oriented/baby-eating…
decision-makingprocess
thought-provoking/voice-screaming
3)n/adj.—n.ed:
adj.
Cheese--headed
Quick/slow–minded
Hot–tempered
Cold-hearted
数词例外
Athree-storybuilding/atwo-dayvisit
4)v-prep.:
n
Go-back:
Thereisnogo-backinlife.
Back-up/get-together
5)任意
一个很可能成为但还差一点的候选者
would-be-but-not-quitenominee
alay-back-to-touchplace/cafe
让你只能用一般般食物填饱肚子的地方
gorge-yourself-on-mediocresushi/seafoodplace
中等不好不坏的
2.2炼句
Requirement:
•Complication
•英语重结构,汉语重语义
•syntacticvariety
•英语多变化,汉语多重复
•length
•英语多长句,汉语多短句
Sentencebuildingmethods:
横向变换句型
1basicsentencewriting结构写作
2basicvarietyprinciples基本5变化法
3Modulechoice7模块认知和选择高级变化
4modulesynthesis模块合成长句
2.2.1基础阶
basicsentencewriting结构写作
SVO
SbeC
2.2.2basicvarietyprinciples
基本5变化法
法则1主语变化
众所周知
Weallknownthat……
It’sknowntoallthat….
铭记于心
Iwillalwaysrememberthat…….
…….willalwaysberememberedby….
人们对此意见不一。
Differentpeoplehavedifferentideasaboutthis.
Ideasonthisissue/topicvaryfrompersontoperson.
Ideasonthisissuekeepatconstantvariance.
其他句型:
•Itmustbepointedoutthat
•Itmustbeadmittedthat.
•Itisimaginedthat.
•Itcannotbedeniedthat.
•Itwillbeseenfromthisthat.
•Itshouldberealizedthat.
•Itis(always)stressedthat.
•Itmaybesaidwithoutfearofexaggerationthat
法则2动宾结构变化为副词加形容词
Doharmtothebody/spirit----physically/mentallyharmful/detrimental
Havegreatbenefittotheenvironment----environmentallyfriendly/beneficial
法则3倒装句
介宾短语前置倒装:
•杭州位于中国东部,是一个天堂城市。
•HznestsintheeastofC.
•Inthe…..NestsHZ,Abeautifulcity.
Only介宾短语、从句+系动词助动词+句子:
Onlyinthiswaycanwesolvetheproblem.
只有在孩子完成作业以后才能被允许看电视。
只有大家充分认识到这个问题以后问题才能真正得以解决。
Onlyafter/wheneverydayrealizetheproblemcanitbeworkedout
Such….that倒装:
经典引入句
Suchishumannaturethat……
Suchisacommonphenomenonthat…..
Never倒装经典引入句
Neverhasthepublicwitnessed/seensuchaphenomenonthat….
法则4强调句
Itis+强调部分+that剩余部分
炼句中的几种其他强调:
1.用形容词“very”,“single”等表示强调
•Notasinglepersonhasbeenintheofficethisafternoon
2.用反身代词表示强调
Hehimselfcometovisitthepatient.
3.用助词“do”表示强调
4.用短语“ineveryway”,“innoway”,“byallmeans”,“bynomeans”
他的举止确实无可挑剔。
你一定要把儿子带来。
托福考试
5用倒装句表示强调
法则5双重否定句
双重否定为了强调,也有的是为了使语气委婉
1、否定词+否定词缀
我们经常出国。
Wedonotinfrequentlygoabroad.
天下无难事,只怕有心人。
Nothingisimpossibletoawillingmind.
已经做了的事后悔也无用。
What'sdonecannotbeundone.
Itisnotuncommon……
2、否定词+含有否定意义的词(各类)
Thereisnodoubtthat
….neverfailtodo…..
Thereisnodenyingthat…….
Itnotseldomhappensthat….
Therearefewpeoplewhodon'tliketo
Nogainswithoutpains.
Thereisnosmokewithoutfire.
模仿
没…..没……
无….无…..
3、否定词+否定词
Nothingventure,nothinggain.
凡是地球人都无一不认识TA。
Thereisnoonewholivesintheworldwhodoesn'tknowher.
模仿
凡是生活在城市的人没有一个不知道现在城市的污
染问题
2.2.3高级模块选择Modulechoice7模块6外增高1内增高
●With替代动词1
西雅图气候宜人是一个花园城市。
TheclimateinSeattleisagreeableandisagardencity.
Seattleisagardencitywiththemostdelightfulclimateintheworld.
Seattle,withthemostdelightfulclimateintheworld,isagardencity.
当老罗用那低沉的调子和诡异的表情讲出那个笑话的时候整个教室爆发出爆笑。
Thewholeclassburstoutlaughing/brokeinto/burstintoagreatlaughterwhenLaoluoutteredthestorywithhislowtoneand…..look.
当城市化的脚步伴随高楼林立工业扩展进入农村,农村的宁静正在慢慢地被打破。
Thepeaceofthecountrysideisgraduallybeingbroken/whenthepaceoftheurbanizationspreads/expands/sprawlsoverintotheregionalareawithskyscrapersofallshapessetupandtheindustriesofallsortsroaringup.
甘霖在新东方资历最老,在学生中享有很高声望。
●句子平衡介宾短语前置
Thepeaceofthecountrysideisgraduallybeingbroken/whenthepaceoftheurbanization,withskyscrapersofallshapessetupandtheindustriesofallsortsroaringup,spreads/expands/sprawlsoverintotheregionalarea.
Thewholeclassburstoutlaughing/brokeinto/burstintoagreatlaughterwhenLaoluo,withhislowtoneand…..look.utteredthestory.
功夫总是吸引成千上万的迷们因为它以它那些….的绝招把人们带入了一个刀光剑影的江湖世界。
•Kungfualwaysattracts/interests/….
•KFneverfailstofascinatethousandsoffans
•foritinvolvesusintothecowboylife
•withjumpingfromrooftoroof,runningonthewinds,shootingelectricityfromone’sfinger……
●定语从句2
SVO,which…….
S,which/who……,VO
英语作为全球语言被广泛使用,是目前世界最瞩目的现象之一。
Englishiswidelyusedasagloballanguageandispresentlyoneofthemostremarkablephenomenaworldwide.
Englishisagloballanguagewidelyused,whichnowadaysbecomesaremarkable…..
GL,whoisthemostexperiencedteacherinNOS,enjoysahighfame/reputation
●分词伴随及位置平衡3
Widelyusedasagloballanguage,Englishhasbeen……..
English,widelyusedasagloballanguage,hasbeen……..
HavingthemostexperiencedresumeinNOS,GLenjoysahighreputationamongthestudents.
GL,havingthemostsophisticatedresumeinNOS,enjoysahighreputationamongthestudents
●独立主格分词伴随时主语不一致4
●同位语---同想上义词5
ThewideuseofEnglish,agloballanguage,ispresentlyoneofthemostremarkablephenomenaworldwide.
GL,themostsophisticated/hardenedguyinNOS,enjoysahighreputationamongthestudents.
●同位语从句6
有内容的名词+whether/that内容本身
Thefactthat
Thedebatewhether….isgoingontothecenterstageofthe
public/goingintothespotlight.
●名词性从句----内增高法7
SVO
主语从句Whathasattractedthepubliciswhether…
宾语从句
表语从句
●改变思维角度-----中西区别经典高级表达
随着经济的发展,人们的生活水平越来越高。
thereisapositiveconnection/linkbetween…..and….
政府应该出钱治理污染。
Beresponsibleforthecostof….
这些活动大大提高了我们的环保意识。
Theseactivitiesimproveourawarenessofenvironmentprotectiongreatly.
Theseactivitiescontributemuchtoourawarenessofenvironmentprotection.
这种行为没什么好处。
Suchabehaviorhaslittlebenefit.
Thebenefitofsuchabehavior/programcannotbeexpected.
随堂练习:
一句话的五种以上表达方式
•西湖位于杭州市中心,闹中取静,风景优美,历史悠久,文化深厚。
•Hustleandbustleofthecity
•快乐和幸福的真谛不是拥有的更多而是要求的更少。
•环境问题太复杂,个人难以解决。
•我们需要关注的不是环境可以给我们带来什么,而是我们能为它做出什么。
2.2.3模块组装----如何练就长句
1S234VO5/6/7
1议论的引导词:
起
Firstofall,firstly,atthebeginning,firstandforemost,inthefirstplace,tobeginwith,tostartwith,ontheonehand
承
Secondly,ontheotherhand,moreover,furthermore,inaddition,inthesecond
转However,nevertheless,nonetheless,conversely,onthecontrary,tothecontrast,incontrast(用于反面例证和让步段)
合inconclu
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