How To Become A hakr.docx
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How To Become A hakr.docx
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HowToBecomeAhakr
HowToBecomeAhakr
EricStevenRaymond
ThyrsusEnterprises
ÂÂÂÂ
ÂÂÂÂ
Copyright©2001EricS.Raymond
RevisionHistory
Revision1.4307Feb2011esr
PythonpassedPerlinpopularityin2010.
Revision1.4222Oct2010esr
Added"Historicalnote".
Revision1.403Nov2008esr
Linkfixes.
Revision1.3914AugJan2008esr
Linkfixes.
Revision1.388Jan2008esr
DeprecateJavaasalanguagetolearnearly.
Revision1.374Oct2007esr
RecommendUbuntuasaUnixdistrofornewbies.
TableofContents
WhyThisDocument?
WhatIsahakr?
ThehakrAttitude
1.Theworldisfulloffascinatingproblemswaitingtobesolved.
2.Noproblemshouldeverhavetobesolvedtwice.
3.Boredomanddrudgeryareevil.
4.Freedomisgood.
5.Attitudeisnosubstituteforcompetence.
BasicHackingSkills
1.Learnhowtoprogram.
2.Getoneoftheopen-sourceUnixesandlearntouseandrunit.
3.LearnhowtousetheWorldWideWebandwriteHTML.
4.Ifyoudon'thavefunctionalEnglish,learnit.
StatusinthehakrCulture
1.Writeopen-sourcesoftware
2.Helptestanddebugopen-sourcesoftware
3.Publishusefulinformation
4.Helpkeeptheinfrastructureworking
5.Servethehakrcultureitself
Thehakr/NerdConnection
PointsForStyle
HistoricalNote:
Hacking,OpenSource,andFreeSoftware
OtherResources
FrequentlyAskedQuestions
WhyThisDocument?
AseditoroftheJargonFileandauthorofafewotherwell-knowndocumentsofsimilarnature,Ioftengetemailrequestsfromenthusiasticnetworknewbiesasking(ineffect)"howcanIlearntobeawizardlyhakr?
".Backin1996Inoticedthattheredidn'tseemtobeanyotherFAQsorwebdocumentsthataddressedthisvitalquestion,soIstartedthisone.Alotofhakrsnowconsideritdefinitive,andIsupposethatmeansitis.Still,Idon'tclaimtobetheexclusiveauthorityonthistopic;ifyoudon'tlikewhatyoureadhere,writeyourown.
Ifyouarereadingasnapshotofthisdocumentoffline,thecurrentversionlivesathttp:
//catb.org/~esr/faqs/hakr-howto.html.
Note:
thereisalistofFrequentlyAskedQuestionsattheendofthisdocument.Pleasereadthese—twice—beforemailingmeanyquestionsaboutthisdocument.
Numeroustranslationsofthisdocumentareavailable:
ArabicChinese(Simplified),Danish,Dutch,Estonian,German,GreekItalianHebrew,Norwegian,Portuguese(Brazilian),RomanianSpanish,Turkish,andSwedish.Notethatsincethisdocumentchangesoccasionally,theymaybeoutofdatetovaryingdegrees.
Thefive-dots-in-nine-squaresdiagramthatdecoratesthisdocumentiscalledaglider.ItisasimplepatternwithsomesurprisingpropertiesinamathematicalsimulationcalledLifethathasfascinatedhakrsformanyyears.Ithinkitmakesagoodvisualemblemforwhathakrsarelike—abstract,atfirstabitmysterious-seeming,butagatewaytoawholeworldwithanintricatelogicofitsown.Readmoreabouttheglideremblemhere.
WhatIsahakr?
TheJargonFilecontainsabunchofdefinitionsoftheterm‘hakr’,mosthavingtodowithtechnicaladeptnessandadelightinsolvingproblemsandovercominglimits.Ifyouwanttoknowhowtobecomeahakr,though,onlytwoarereallyrelevant.
Thereisacommunity,asharedculture,ofexpertprogrammersandnetworkingwizardsthattracesitshistorybackthroughdecadestothefirsttime-sharingminicomputersandtheearliestARPAnetexperiments.Themembersofthiscultureoriginatedtheterm‘hakr’.hakrsbuilttheInternet.hakrsmadetheUnixoperatingsystemwhatitistoday.hakrsrunUsenet.hakrsmaketheWorldWideWebwork.Ifyouarepartofthisculture,ifyouhavecontributedtoitandotherpeopleinitknowwhoyouareandcallyouahakr,you'reahakr.
Thehakrmind-setisnotconfinedtothissoftware-hakrculture.Therearepeoplewhoapplythehakrattitudetootherthings,likeelectronicsormusic—actually,youcanfinditatthehighestlevelsofanyscienceorart.Softwarehakrsrecognizethesekindredspiritselsewhereandmaycallthem‘hakrs’too—andsomeclaimthatthehakrnatureisreallyindependentoftheparticularmediumthehakrworksin.Butintherestofthisdocumentwewillfocusontheskillsandattitudesofsoftwarehakrs,andthetraditionsofthesharedculturethatoriginatedtheterm‘hakr’.
Thereisanothergroupofpeoplewholoudlycallthemselveshakrs,butaren't.Thesearepeople(mainlyadolescentmales)whogetakickoutofbreakingintocomputersandphreakingthephonesystem.Realhakrscallthesepeople‘crackers’andwantnothingtodowiththem.Realhakrsmostlythinkcrackersarelazy,irresponsible,andnotverybright,andobjectthatbeingabletobreaksecuritydoesn'tmakeyouahakranymorethanbeingabletohotwirecarsmakesyouanautomotiveengineer.Unfortunately,manyjournalistsandwritershavebeenfooledintousingtheword‘hakr’todescribecrackers;thisirritatesrealhakrsnoend.
Thebasicdifferenceisthis:
hakrsbuildthings,crackersbreakthem.
Ifyouwanttobeahakr,keepreading.Ifyouwanttobeacracker,goreadthealt.2600newsgroupandgetreadytodofivetotenintheslammerafterfindingoutyouaren'tassmartasyouthinkyouare.Andthat'sallI'mgoingtosayaboutcrackers.
ThehakrAttitude
1.Theworldisfulloffascinatingproblemswaitingtobesolved.
2.Noproblemshouldeverhavetobesolvedtwice.
3.Boredomanddrudgeryareevil.
4.Freedomisgood.
5.Attitudeisnosubstituteforcompetence.
hakrssolveproblemsandbuildthings,andtheybelieveinfreedomandvoluntarymutualhelp.Tobeacceptedasahakr,youhavetobehaveasthoughyouhavethiskindofattitudeyourself.Andtobehaveasthoughyouhavetheattitude,youhavetoreallybelievetheattitude.
Butifyouthinkofcultivatinghakrattitudesasjustawaytogainacceptanceintheculture,you'llmissthepoint.Becomingthekindofpersonwhobelievesthesethingsisimportantforyou—forhelpingyoulearnandkeepingyoumotivated.Aswithallcreativearts,themosteffectivewaytobecomeamasteristoimitatethemind-setofmasters—notjustintellectuallybutemotionallyaswell.
Or,asthefollowingmodernZenpoemhasit:
ÂÂÂÂToÂfollowÂtheÂpath:
ÂÂÂÂlookÂtoÂtheÂmaster,
ÂÂÂÂfollowÂtheÂmaster,
ÂÂÂÂwalkÂwithÂtheÂmaster,
ÂÂÂÂseeÂthroughÂtheÂmaster,
ÂÂÂÂbecomeÂtheÂmaster.
So,ifyouwanttobeahakr,repeatthefollowingthingsuntilyoubelievethem:
1.Theworldisfulloffascinatingproblemswaitingtobesolved.
Beingahakrislotsoffun,butit'sakindoffunthattakeslotsofeffort.Theefforttakesmotivation.Successfulathletesgettheirmotivationfromakindofphysicaldelightinmakingtheirbodiesperform,inpushingthemselvespasttheirownphysicallimits.Similarly,tobeahakryouhavetogetabasicthrillfromsolvingproblems,sharpeningyourskills,andexercisingyourintelligence.
Ifyouaren'tthekindofpersonthatfeelsthiswaynaturally,you'llneedtobecomeoneinordertomakeitasahakr.Otherwiseyou'llfindyourhackingenergyissappedbydistractionslikesex,money,andsocialapproval.
(Youalsohavetodevelopakindoffaithinyourownlearningcapacity—abeliefthateventhoughyoumaynotknowallofwhatyouneedtosolveaproblem,ifyoutacklejustapieceofitandlearnfromthat,you'lllearnenoughtosolvethenextpiece—andsoon,untilyou'redone.)
2.Noproblemshouldeverhavetobesolvedtwice.
Creativebrainsareavaluable,limitedresource.Theyshouldn'tbewastedonre-inventingthewheelwhentherearesomanyfascinatingnewproblemswaitingoutthere.
Tobehavelikeahakr,youhavetobelievethatthethinkingtimeofotherhakrsisprecious—somuchsothatit'salmostamoraldutyforyoutoshareinformation,solveproblemsandthengivethesolutionsawayjustsootherhakrscansolvenewproblemsinsteadofhavingtoperpetuallyre-addressoldones.
Note,however,that"Noproblemshouldeverhavetobesolvedtwice."doesnotimplythatyouhavetoconsiderallexistingsolutionssacred,orthatthereisonlyonerightsolutiontoanygivenproblem.Often,welearnalotabouttheproblemthatwedidn'tknowbeforebystudyingthefirstcutatasolution.It'sOK,andoftennecessary,todecidethatwecandobetter.What'snotOKisartificialtechnical,legal,orinstitutionalbarriers(likeclosed-sourcecode)thatpreventagoodsolutionfrombeingre-usedandforcepeopletore-inventwheels.
(Youdon'thavetobelievethatyou'reobligatedtogiveallyourcreativeproductaway,thoughthehakrsthatdoaretheonesthatgetmostrespectfromotherhakrs.It'sconsistentwithhakrvaluestosellenoughofittokeepyouinfoodandrentandcomputers.It'sfinetouseyourhackingskillstosupportafamilyorevengetrich,aslongasyoudon'tforgetyourloyaltytoyourartandyourfellowhakrswhiledoingit.)
3.Boredomanddrudgeryareevil.
hakrs(andcreativepeopleingeneral)shouldneverbeboredorhavetodrudgeatstupidrepetitivework,becausewhenthishappensitmeanstheyaren'tdoingwhatonlytheycando—solvenewproblems.Thiswastefulnesshurtseverybody.Thereforeboredomanddrudgeryarenotjustunpleasantbutactuallyevil.
Tobehavelikeahakr,youhavetobelievethisenoughtowanttoautomateawaytheboringbitsasmuchaspossible,notjustforyourselfbutforeverybodyelse(especiallyotherhakrs).
(Thereisoneapparentexceptiontothis.hakrswillsometimesdothingsthatmayseemrepetitiveorboringtoanobserverasamind-clearingexercise,orinordertoacquireaskillorhavesomeparticularkindofexperienceyoucan'tha
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