英语语法基础知识.docx
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英语语法基础知识.docx
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英语语法基础知识
1.Noun(名词>
1.1ClassesofN:
countablevsuncountable(名词的种类:
可数名词与不可数名词>
1.2Conversionofuncountableintocountable(不可数名词转化为可数名词>b5E2RGbCAP
1.3NumberofN(名词的数>
1.4Irregularplurals(不规则复数>
1.5GenitivecaseofN(名词的所有格>
1.6Doublegenitive(双重所有格>
e.g.aportraitofMrBrown’s(cf.aportraitofMrBrown>p1EanqFDPw
2.Pronoun<代词)
2.1Personalpronoun(人称代词>
2.2Possessivepronoun(物主代词>
2.3Reflexivepronoun(反身代词>
2.4Interrogativepronoun(疑问代词>
2.5Indefinitepronoun(不定代词>
3.Numeral(数次>
3.1Cardinalandordinalnumbers(基数词和序数词>
3.2Percentage(百分数>
3.3Fraction(分数>
3.4Decimal(小数>
3.5Multiple(倍数>
3.5.1ntimes+N/Pron
3.5.2ntimes+as+Adj/Adv
3.5.3ntimes+Comparative+(than>
3.5.4V+(by>+ntimes
4.Determiner<限定词)
*4.1Definite,indefiniteandzeroarticles<定冠词,不定冠词,零冠词)DXDiTa9E3d
*4.2Any,all,both,each,every,either,neither,no,this,etc.RTCrpUDGiT
*4.3Quantifiers<数量词)
e.g.many,apieceof,etc.
5.Preposition<介词)
6.Adjective<形容词)
6.1Syntacticfunctionas<形容词的句法功能为):
Attributive/Predicative/Adverbclauseequivalent/N<定语,表语,副词性从句和名词)5PCzVD7HxA
e.g.theyoung,thelatest
*6.2Adj+Prep
*6.3Adj+toV
6.4too+Adj+toV/Adj+enough+toV/so+Adj+as+toVjLBHrnAILg
*6.5be+Adj+that-clause
7.Adverb<副词)
7.1Syntacticfunctionas<副词的句法功能为):
ModifierofAdj/Adv/Prep-phrase/N-Phrase/Adverb-clause<形容词、副词、介词短语、副词性从句的修饰语)xHAQX74J0X
7.2Adverbswithorwithout-ly<带-ly和不带-ly的副词)
e.g.high,highly。
most,mostly
7.3Positionofadverbs(副词的位置>
8.ThecomparativeandsuperlativedegreesofAdj/Adv<形容词和副词的比较级和最高级)LDAYtRyKfE
9.Verbclasses<动词)
9.1Transitiveandintransitiveverbs<及物动词和不及物动词)
9.2Auxiliariesandmodalauxiliaries<助动词和情态动词)
*9.3Semiauxiliaries<半助动词)
e.g.appearto,beableto,etc
*9.4Phrasalverbs<短语动词)
e.g.dependon,turnout,catchupwith,payattentionto,takeplace,makesure,etcZzz6ZB2Ltk
10.Tense<时态)
10.1Simplepresent,past,futureandwithmodals<一般现在时,一般过去时,一般将来时和情态助动词加动词)dvzfvkwMI1
10.2Presentandpastprogressive<现在进行时和过去进行时0
*10.3Futureprogressiveandwithmodals<将来进行时和情态动词加进行时)rqyn14ZNXI
*10.4Presentandpastperfect<现在完成时和过去完成时)
*10.5Futureperfectandwithmodals<将来完成时和情态动词加完成时)EmxvxOtOco
*10.6Presentperfectprogressive<现在完成进行时)
10.7Pastperfectprogressive<过去完成进行时)
*11.Passivevoice<被动语态)
11.1Passivevoiceinsimpletense<被动语态的一般时态)
11.2Passivevoiceinperfectandprogressivetenses<被动语态的完成和进行时态)SixE2yXPq5
11.3Passivevoiceofphrasalverbs<短语动词的被动语态)
12.Subjunctivemood<虚拟语气)
12.1inconditionalsentences<用于条件句中)
12.1.1if+V-ed1,…would+V
12.1.2if+had+had+V-ed2,…would+have+V-ed26ewMyirQFL
12.1.3if+should/wereto+V,…would+V
12.1.4omissionofif 12.2inthefollowingthat-clauseafter<用于下列that从句中): kavU42VRUs wish demand,suggest It+be+suggested/desirable suggestion,recommendation 12.3inthefollowingclausesandconstructions<用于下列从句和结构中): y6v3ALoS89 asif,asthough Itistimethat wouldrather/soonerthat 13.ToV 13.1assubject,objectandcomplement<用作主语,宾语和补足语)M2ub6vSTnP 13.2Indicatingpurpose/result<表示目的和结果) *13.3Modifyingadjective<修饰形容词) *13.4aspostmodifierinanounphrase<后位修饰名词) 13.5It+(be>+Adj/N+toV *13.6V+it+Co+toV *13.7for+N+toV *13.8wh-words+toV(phrase><疑问词加不定式[短语]) *13.9tobe+V-ed2,tohave+V-ed2,tobe+V-ing<不定式的被动式,完成式和进行式)0YujCfmUCw 14.V-ing(Gerund动名词> 14.1asobject,subjectandpredicative<用作宾语,主语和表语)eUts8ZQVRd 14.2Prep+V-ing *14.3It+be+…+V-ing *14.4N/Pronortheirpossessive+V-ingassubjectandobject<名词/代词或其所有格加动名词作主语和宾语)sQsAEJkW5T *14.5Prep+N/Pronortheirpossessive+V-ing<介词加名词/代词或其所有格加动名词)GMsIasNXkA *14.6being+V-ed2,having+V-ed2,havingbeen+V-ed2asanounequivalent<动名词的被动式,完成式和完成被动式起名词作用)TIrRGchYzg 15.V-ingandV-ed2(Presentandpastparticiple 15.1aspre-modifierandpostmodifierinanounphrase现在分词和过去分词>7EqZcWLZNX 15.2ascomplement(作补足语> *15.3asanadverbclauseequivalent(作状语> *15.4When/while,etc.+V-ing/V-ed2(When/While等加现在分词或过去分词>lzq7IGf02E *15.5(with>N+V-ing/V-ed2([with]名词加现在分词或过去分词>zvpgeqJ1hk *15.6DanglingV-ingasadverbclauseequivalent(无归属现在分词作状语>NrpoJac3v1 *15.7being+V-ed2,having+V-ed2,havingbeen+V-ed2asanadverboradjectiveclauseequivalent(现在分词的被动式、完成式和完成被动式作状语或定语>1nowfTG4KI 16.Basicsentencepatternsandsentenceelements<基本句型和句子成份)fjnFLDa5Zo Pattern1: S+V Pattern2: S+V+Cs Pattern3: S+V+O Pattern4: S+V+Oi+Od Pattern5: S+V+Od+Co 17.Transformationofbasicsentencepattern<基本句型转换)tfnNhnE6e5 17.1Interrogativeform<疑问形式) 17.2Negativeform<否定形式) 17.3Passiveform<被动形式) 18.Therebe(Therebe结构> 18.1Thereis/are/was/were+N+Adv *18.2Therewill(modal>be/exist(s>/seem(s>tobe/appear(s>tobe+N+AdvHbmVN777sL *18.3Thereis/are+N+Adj/V-ing/V-ed2/toV/relativeclause<定语从句>V7l4jRB8Hs *19.Agreement<一致关系) 19.1SubjectandVerb<主语和谓语动词的一致关系) 19.2Pronounandantecedent<代词和其先行词的一致关系) 20.Nounclause<名词从句> 20.1thatandomissionofthat,which(ever>,who(ever>,whom,whose83lcPA59W9 *20.2when,where,why,how,howmuch/many/long/oftenmZkklkzaaP *20.3whether,if *20.4what(ever> *20.5what(=thethingwhich> 21.Relativeclause<定语从句> 21.1Restrictiveandnon-restrictive<限制性和非限制性定语从句> 21.2that,which,who,whom,when,where,why *21.3whose *.21.4Omissionofthat/which(that/which的省略> *21.5(N/Pron+>Prep+which/whom/whose *21.6thesame/such…as *.21.7that(relativeadverb>anditsomission<关系副词that及其省略>AVktR43bpw *21.8which/as(withsententialantecedent>(which/as指代句子>ORjBnOwcEd 22.Apposition(同位> 22.1Noun(phrase>inapposition<名词[短语]的同位语> 22.2Appositiveclause<同位语从句> 22.3Nounphraseappositivetoclause<名词短语作句子的同位语> e.g.…anexampleofwhatwecall… 22.4Explicitindicatorsofapposition<引出同位关系的明示标识词)2MiJTy0dTT e.g.thatis(tosay>,forexample 23.Clauseoftimeandspace<时间从句和地点从句) 23.1when(ever>,while,as,after,before,since *23.2where(ever> *23.3until,till *23.4once,themoment,assoonas,eachtime,immediately(that>,nosooner…thangIiSpiue7A 24.Clausesofcondition,concessionandcontrast<条件从句、让步从句和对比从句)uEh0U1Yfmh 24.1if,unless *24.2provided/providing(that>,as/solongas,incase,onconditionthat,supposingIAg9qLsgBX 24.3thought,although,whether,eventhough,evenifWwghWvVhPE *24.4nomatter+wh-words *24.5wh-words+-ever *24.6whereas,while *24.7Adj/Adv+as/though 25.Clausesofcause,resultandpurpose<原因从句、结果从句和目的从句)asfpsfpi4k 25.1because,as,since,(so>…that,so(that>,inorderthatooeyYZTjj1 *25.2now(that>,seeingthat,consideringthat,inthatBkeGuInkxI *25.3forfearthat,lest *26.Clausesofmannerandcomparison<方式从句和比较从句) 26.1as,as…as,notso(so>…as,morethan,lessthan,no/notmorethanPgdO0sRlMo 26.2as,justas 26.3asif,asthough *27.Clausesofproportionandothertypes<比例从句和其它从句)3cdXwckm15 27.1the…,the… 27.2as…so 27.3exceptthat 27.4as-clausefollowinganounandfunctioningasarelativeclause<名词后的as从句作定语)h8c52WOngM e.g.Lightasitcomesfromthesunis… *28.Coordination<并列) Coordinators: and,both…and,notonly…but(also>,aswellas,either…or,neither…nor,whether…or,not…but,for,etc.v4bdyGious *29.Clausewithintroductoryit<用引导词it的从句) 29.1Anticipatoryitassubjectorobject *29.2itinemphaticsentence e.g.Itis/was…that/who *30.Pro-form<替代形式) 30.1Pro-formsfornounphrases<名词短语的替代形式) 30.1.13rdpersonpronouns,andpluralsofthe1stand2ndpersonpronouns<第三人称代词,第一、二人称代词的复数)J0bm4qMpJ9 30.1.2indefinitepronouns<不定代词)(+of+N/Pron> 30.1.3one,ones,that,those 30.1.4thesame,theformer,thelatter 30.2Pro-formsforadverbials<副词的替代形式) here,then,thus 30.3Pro-formsforpredicate<谓语的替代形式) 30.3.1do,doso 30.3.2sodo,sowill 30.4Sentence/Clausereference<句子或从句的替代形式) 30.4.1this,thefollowing 30.4.2so,not e.g.A: Doyouthinkhewillcome? B: Yes,Ithinkso.(or>No,Ithinknot. *31.Multiplemodification<多级修饰) 31.1Multiplepremodification<多级前位修饰) e.g.possibilitiesofobtainingwaterfromunderthegroundXVauA9grYP 31.2Multiplepostm<多级后位修饰) *32.Discontinuousmodification<割裂修饰) 32.1Separationofrelativeclausefromitsantecedent<定语从句与所修饰的名词割裂)bR9C6TJscw 32.2SeparationofV-ing/V-ed/Prep-phrasefromitsheadnoun<现在分词/过去分词/介词短语与所修饰的名词割裂)pN9LBDdtrd 32.3Separationofappositive(clause>fromitsantecedent<同位语[从句]与所同位的词的割裂)DJ8T7nHuGT 32.4SeparationofPrep-phrasefromadjective<介词短语与形容词割裂)QF81D7bvUA e.g.differenttechniquesfromthose 33.Subject-verbinversion<主语与谓语倒装) 33.1Sentencesbeginningwithneither,nor,so,etc.4B7a9QFw9h 33.2Sentencesbeginningwithnegativeadverbexpressionsix6iFA8xoX e.g.hardly,never,rarely,etc. 33.3Sentencesbeginningwithadverbsofpositionanddirectionwt6qbkCyDE e.g.here,there,down,away,etc. 33.4SentencesbeginningwithafrontedpredicativeKp5zH46zRk e.g.Moreimportantistheprincipleof… 33.5Sentencesbegin
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